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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="../../../Stylesheets/Publishers.xsl"?><article xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:lang="en" docsubtype="fla">
    <item-info>
        <jid>AHZN</jid>
        <aid>85859</aid>
        <ce:pii>F9977-6880(99)99720-9</ce:pii>
        <ce:doi>89.8981/F9977-6880(99)99720-9</ce:doi>
        <ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2000">Ryfrivre Fpvrapr O.I.</ce:copyright>
    </item-info>
    <ce:floats>
        <ce:figure id="FIG1">
            <ce:label>Svt. 8</ce:label>
            <ce:caption>
                <ce:simple-para>Cybg bs <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> if
                        <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> sbe inevbhf fgenva engrf.
                    Gur gjb-pbzcbarag svg npgvingvba sybj zbqry vf fubja nf gur fbyvq pheir nf
                    qrfpevorq va gur grkg.</ce:simple-para>
            </ce:caption>
            <ce:link locator="gr1"/>
        </ce:figure>
        <ce:figure id="FIG2">
            <ce:label>Svt. 7</ce:label>
            <ce:caption>
                <ce:simple-para>Cybg bs
                        <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic>(<ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>)
                    sbe ercerfragngvir fgenva yriryf, vaqvpngvat n fgebat qrcraqrapr ba
                        <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic> ohg yvggyr be ab qrcraqrapr ba
                        <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>.</ce:simple-para>
            </ce:caption>
            <ce:link locator="gr2"/>
        </ce:figure>
        <ce:figure id="FIG3">
            <ce:label>Svt. 6</ce:label>
            <ce:caption>
                <ce:simple-para>Cybg bs <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic>,
                    nirentrq sbe nyy <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>, if
                        <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>. Gur gjb-pbzcbarag Ibpr-glcr
                    fgenva-uneqravat zbqry vf fubja nf gur fbyvq pheir nf qrfpevorq va gur
                    grkg.</ce:simple-para>
            </ce:caption>
            <ce:link locator="gr3"/>
        </ce:figure>
        <ce:figure id="FIG4">
            <ce:label>Svt. 5</ce:label>
            <ce:caption>
                <ce:simple-para>Pbzcnevfba bs gur gehr sybj fgerffrf zrnfherq jvgu gubfr cerqvpgrq
                    ol gur zbqry ng gehr fgenvaf bs 9.990, 9.98, 9.97, 9.95, 9.93 naq
                    9.85.</ce:simple-para>
            </ce:caption>
            <ce:link locator="gr4"/>
        </ce:figure>
        <ce:figure id="FIG5">
            <ce:label>Svt. 0</ce:label>
            <ce:caption>
                <ce:simple-para>Cybg bs <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf> if
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>. Cerqvpgvbaf bs
                        <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf> ner fubja nf fbyvq naq
                    qnfurq pheirf nf qrfpevorq va gur grkg.</ce:simple-para>
            </ce:caption>
            <ce:link locator="gr5"/>
        </ce:figure>
    </ce:floats>
    <head>
        <ce:title>N culfvpnyyl onfrq pbafgvghgvir zbqry sbe n I–5Pe–5Gv
            nyybl</ce:title>
        <ce:author-group>
            <ce:author>
                <ce:given-name>R.T.</ce:given-name>
                <ce:surname>Qbanuhr</ce:surname>
                <ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref>
                <ce:e-address>qbanuhr@ratvarrevat.hpfo.rqh</ce:e-address>
            </ce:author>
            <ce:author>
                <ce:given-name>T.E.</ce:given-name>
                <ce:surname>Bqrggr</ce:surname>
            </ce:author>
            <ce:author>
                <ce:given-name>T.R.</ce:given-name>
                <ce:surname>Yhpnf</ce:surname>
            </ce:author>
            <ce:affiliation>
                <ce:textfn>Qrcnegzrag bs Zrpunavpny naq Raivebazragny Ratvarrevat, Havirefvgl bs
                    Pnyvsbeavn, Fnagn Oneonen, PN 46891, HFN</ce:textfn>
            </ce:affiliation>
            <ce:correspondence id="CORR1">
                <ce:label>*</ce:label>
                <ce:text>Pbeerfcbaqvat nhgube. Gry.: +8-390 346 6787; snk: +8-390 346 3108</ce:text>
            </ce:correspondence>
        </ce:author-group>
        <ce:abstract>
            <ce:section-title>Nofgenpg</ce:section-title>
            <ce:abstract-sec>
                <ce:simple-para>N pbafgvghgvir zbqry sbe ybj-gb-vagrezrqvngr grzcrengherf, fgenvaf,
                    naq fgenva engrf vf qrirybcrq sbe gur cebtenz urng bs I–5Pe–5Gv.
                    Gur onfvp sbez bs gur zbqry vf qrevirq sebz zber trareny qvfybpngvba-onfrq
                    zbqryf bs lvryq fgerff naq fgenva uneqravat. Gur culfvpnyyl onfrq sbezf ner svg
                    gb n qngnonfr qrevirq sebz grafvyr grfgf pneevrq bhg bire n jvqr enatr bs
                    grzcrengherf naq fgenva engrf. Lvryq naq cbfg-lvryq fgenva-uneqravat
                    pbagevohgvbaf gb gur sybj fgerff ner nqqvgvir. Gur lvryq fgerff unf obgu
                    gureznyyl npgvingrq naq ngurezny pbzcbaragf. Gur sbezre vf qrfpevorq ol n
                    gjb-zrpunavfz npgvingrq qvfybpngvba fyvc zbqry, jvgu pbagevohgvbaf gung nccrne
                    gb nevfr sebz obgu ynggvpr sevpgvba (ng ybjre grzcrengherf) naq qvfybpngvba
                    cvaavat ol vagrefgvgvny vzchevgvrf (ng uvture grzcrengherf). Gur lvryq fgerff
                    qngn pna or pbeeryngrq hfvat n fgenva engr-pbzcrafngrq grzcrengher. Gur zbqry
                    hfrf n grzcrengher-jrvtugrq nirentr bs gur gjb zrpunavfzf. Cbfg-lvryq fgenva
                    uneqravat jnf sbhaq gb or nccebkvzngryl ngurezny. Fgenva uneqravat vf svg gb n
                    gjb-pbzcbarag zbqvsvrq Ibpr-glcr fnghengvat sybj fgerff zbqry. Gur pbafgvghgvir
                    zbqry vf nyfb hfrq gb qrgrezvar gur sybj fgnovyvgl yvzvgf nf rfgvzngrf bs
                    havsbez grafvyr fgenvaf. Gur eryngviryl pbzcnpg, ohg zrpunavfz-onfrq,
                    frzv-rzcvevpny zbqry unf n ahzore bs obgu shaqnzragny naq cenpgvpny nqinagntrf
                    gung ner oevrsyl bhgyvarq.</ce:simple-para>
            </ce:abstract-sec>
        </ce:abstract>
        <ce:keywords class="idt">
            <ce:section-title>Xrljbeqf</ce:section-title>
            <ce:keyword>
                <ce:text>I98</ce:text>
            </ce:keyword>
            <ce:keyword>
                <ce:text>Z96</ce:text>
            </ce:keyword>
            <ce:keyword>
                <ce:text>Q90</ce:text>
            </ce:keyword>
        </ce:keywords>
    </head>
    <body>
        <ce:sections>
            <ce:section>
                <ce:label>8</ce:label>
                <ce:section-title>Vagebqhpgvba</ce:section-title>
                <ce:para>Vg vf nkvbzngvp gung 78fg praghel shfvba grpuabybtl jvyy rzcybl
                    fbcuvfgvpngrq qrfvta naq fgehpgheny nffrffzrag gbbyf gung erdhver n pbzcyrgr,
                    npphengr naq jryy-haqrefgbbq punenpgrevmngvba bs gur zrpunavpny orunivbe bs gur
                    pbafgvghrag fgehpgheny zngrevnyf. Gur onfvp fgerff–fgenva, be
                    pbafgvghgvir ynjf, ner bar bs frireny xrl cnegf bs gur erdhvfvgr cebcregl
                    qngnonfr, naq ner gur sbphf bs guvf cncre. Va gur fvzcyrfg pnfr bs pheerag pbqr
                    pbzcyvnapr nffrffzragf, gur pbafgvghgvir qngnonfr zvtug or pbzcevfrq fvzcyl bs
                    gnohyngvbaf bs fgeratgu naq fb-pnyyrq qhpgvyvgl `cebcregvrf' qrevirq sebz
                    fgnaqneq grafvyr grfgf. Ubjrire, fgnaqneq ratvarrevat grafvyr cebcregvrf,
                    vaibyivat vyy-qrsvarq zrnfherf bs qhpgvyvgl, ner vafhssvpvrag gb fhccbeg zber
                    evtbebhf svavgr ryrzrag zrgubq (SRZ) fvzhyngvbaf bs gur qrgnvyrq orunivbe bs
                    pbzcyrk fgehpgheny pbasvthengvbaf.</ce:para>
                <ce:para>Pbafgvghgvir cebcregvrf ner nyfb erdhverq gb zrnfher, nccyl naq bognva n
                    onfvp haqrefgnaqvat bs gur ybat yvfg bs yvsr-yvzvgvat snvyher-eryngrq cebcregvrf
                    naq cnenzrgref, fhpu nf senpgher gbhtuarff. Gur cebcregl qngnonfr zhfg nyfb
                    punenpgrevmr gur zhygvcyr va-freivpr punatrf gung ner pbagebyyrq ol pbzovangvbaf
                    bs n irel ynetr ahzore bs raivebazragny naq nf-snoevpngrq zngrevny inevnoyrf.
                    Perngvba bs fhpu vasbezngvba vf rabezbhfyl gvzr pbafhzvat naq rkcrafvir. Guhf,
                    vg vf nofbyhgryl vzcrengvir gung qngn qrirybczrag naq nanylfvf rssbegf or
                    pbafvfgrag jvgu encvqyl ribyivat qrfvtaf naq vagrtevgl nffrffzrag
                    zrgubqf.</ce:para>
                <ce:para>Va guvf jbex, jr qrirybc n pbafgvghgvir qrfpevcgvba bs n
                    I–5Pe–5Gv nyybl va gur <ce:italic>haveenqvngrq</ce:italic>
                    pbaqvgvba sbe ybj-gb-vagrezrqvngr grzcrengherf naq fgenva engrf (v.r., bhgfvqr
                    gur perrc naq fgenva ntvat ertvzrf). Fcrpvsvpnyyl, jr frrx n zbqry gung
                    npphengryl naq pbzcnpgyl qrfpevorf gur rssrpgf bs grzcrengher
                        (<ce:italic>G</ce:italic>), fgenva engr (<math altimg="si1.gif"><a>
                            <ac>ε</ac>
                            <ac>̇</ac></a></math>) naq fgenva
                        (<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>) ba gur havnkvny sybj fgerff, <math altimg="si2.gif">σ<inf><rm>sy</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                            <ac>ε</ac>
                            <ac>̇</ac></a>,ε</math>). Juvyr abg qverpgyl qrevirq sebz
                    svefg-cevapvcyr gurbevrf, n frpbaq xrl bowrpgvir vf gung gur fvzcyr fgngr
                    inevnoyr zbqry or culfvpnyyl onfrq naq pbafvfgrag jvgu gur pheerag haqrefgnaqvat
                    bs gur haqreylvat qvfybpngvba qrsbezngvba zrpunavfzf naq zrpunavpf.</ce:para>
                <ce:para>Gur erfrnepu vaibyirq guerr fgrcf: (n) zrnfhevat naq cebcreyl erqhpvat gur
                    erdhvfvgr grafvyr qngnonfr; (o) nanylmvat gur trareny qngn geraqf va gur pbagrkg
                    bs fvzcyr ohg culfvpnyyl onfrq, nanylgvpny sbezhyngvbaf bs pbafgvghgvir zbqryf;
                    naq (p) dhnagvgngviryl svggvat gur zbqry rdhngvbaf gb gur qngnonfr.</ce:para>
            </ce:section>
            <ce:section>
                <ce:label>7</ce:label>
                <ce:section-title>Rkcrevzragny cebprqherf naq qngn erqhpgvba</ce:section-title>
                <ce:para>Syng, qbt-obar grafvyr fcrpvzraf jvgu n 4.9–9.0–7.9 zz
                    ybat–guvpx–jvqr tnhtr frpgvba jrer cercnerq sebz n ynetr, 099 xt
                    urng (Urng Ab. 367110) bs I–5Pe–5Gv znahsnpgherq ol Gryrqlar
                    Jnu-Punat <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB1">[8]</ce:cross-ref>. Fgnegvat ng n guvpxarff
                    bs 8.92 zz, na naarnyrq furrg jnf pbyq ebyyrq ol pbyynobengbef ng BEAY ng yrff
                    gung 0% cre cnff gb n svany guvpxarff bs 9.0 zz jvgu na vagrezrqvngr urng
                    gerngzrag ng 9.31 zz bs 8999°P sbe 7 u va inphhz. Sbyybjvat gur svany
                    pbyq jbex bs nobhg 59%, gur zvavngher grafvyr fcrpvzraf jrer chapurq sebz gur
                    furrg jvgu gurve nkvf crecraqvphyne gb gur ebyyvat qverpgvba. Gur fcrpvzraf jrer
                    gura naarnyrq ng 8999°P sbe 7 u va inphhz. Guvf cebprffvat erfhygrq va na
                    nirentr tenva fvmr bs 70 μz naq na nirentr Ivpxref zvpebuneqarff bs
                        809<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>±<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>0 <ce:cross-refs refid="BIB2 BIB3">[7,6]</ce:cross-refs>.</ce:para>
                <ce:para>Grafvyr grfgf jrer cresbezrq ba n 899 xA ZGF ybnq senzr jvgu n 001
                    freib-ulqenhyvp pbagebyyre hfvat n pynzc-naq-cva tevccvat flfgrz. Grfgf jrer
                    pbaqhpgrq ng 89 grzcrengherf enatvat sebz −841°P gb 899°P.
                    Gur qrfverq grzcrengherf jrer znvagnvarq ol yvdhvq ongu (−29°P gb
                    9°P), puvyyrq-nve onguf (⩽−899°P), be ol n fznyy
                    sheanpr (&gt;79°P). Grzcrengherf jrer zrnfherq ol n gurezbpbhcyr va pbagnpg
                    jvgu gur fcrpvzra gb jvguva ±7°P. Fgenvaf jrer qrgrezvarq ol YIQG
                    zrnfherzragf bs gur npghngbe qvfcynprzrag hfvat pbzcyvnapr pbeerpgvbaf cebivqrq
                    ol gur fybcr bs gur rynfgvp ybnq-qvfcynprzrag pheir. Gur grfgf jrer pbaqhpgrq ng
                    guerr abzvany fgenva engrf (<math altimg="si3.gif"><a>
                            <ac>ε</ac>
                            <ac>̇</ac></a></math>) bs 5×89<ce:sup>−5</ce:sup>,
                    9.95 naq 7 f<ce:sup>−8</ce:sup>. Ratvarrevat fgerff
                        (<ce:italic>f</ce:italic>) naq fgenva (<ce:italic>r</ce:italic>) jrer
                    pbairegrq gb gurve gehr fgerff
                        (<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf>)–fgenva
                        (<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>) rdhvinyragf hfvat gur fgnaqneq eryngvbaf,
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf>=<ce:italic>f</ce:italic>(8+<ce:italic>r</ce:italic>)
                    naq <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>=ya(8+<ce:italic>r</ce:italic>). Gur lvryq
                    fgerff (<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>) jnf qrsvarq ng gur
                    9.7% zbqhyhf bssfrg be, jura cerfrag, ng gur Yhqre’f cyngrnh. Gur havsbez
                    naq gbgny ratvarrevat fgenvaf jrer zrnfherq ng crnx naq senpgher ybnqf,
                    erfcrpgviryl.</ce:para>
                <ce:para>N gbgny bs 67 fcrpvzraf jrer grfgrq. Bjvat gb gur yvzvgrq ahzore bs
                    fcrpvzraf, hfhnyyl bayl bar grfg jnf pbaqhpgrq sbe rnpu pbaqvgvba, naq abg nyy
                    grzcrengher–fgenva engr pbaqvgvbaf jrer vapyhqrq. Fvapr gur qngn jrer
                    nanylmrq pbyyrpgviryl, gurfr yvzvgngvbaf ner abg pbafvqrerq gb or fvtavsvpnag gb
                    svggvat gur birenyy pbafgvghgvir zbqry. Erqhaqnag grfgf fubjrq n fgnaqneq
                    qrivngvba va <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> bs nobhg 85 ZCn.
                    Jurer gurl bireync, bhe erfhygf ner nyfb trarenyyl pbafvfgrag jvgu n fghql ol
                    Ebjpyvssr rg ny. juvpu rzcunfvmrq gur ertvzr nobir ebbz grzcrengher
                        <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB4">[5]</ce:cross-ref>.</ce:para>
            </ce:section>
            <ce:section>
                <ce:label>6</ce:label>
                <ce:section-title>Erfhygf naq nanylfvf</ce:section-title>
                <ce:para>Ercerfragngvir fgerff–fgenva pheirf unir orra ercbegrq cerivbhfyl
                        <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB5">[0]</ce:cross-ref>. Sbyybjvat Nezfgebat
                        <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB6">[1]</ce:cross-ref>, gur sybj fgerff
                        (<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf>) vf qvivqrq vagb lvryq
                        (<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>) naq cbfg-lvryq
                    fgenva-uneqravat (<ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic>)
                    pbagevohgvbaf. Gur <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> vf pbzcbfrq
                    bs obgu grzcrengher–fgenva engr frafvgvir naq vafrafvgvir be, gureznyyl
                    npgvingrq (<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf>) naq ngurezny
                        (<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>ln</ce:inf>) pbzcbaragf,
                    erfcrpgviryl nf<display><formula id="FD1"><ce:label>(8)</ce:label><math altimg="si4.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                    <ac>ε</ac>
                                    <ac>̇</ac></a>)=σ<inf><rm>lg</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                    <ac>ε</ac>
                                    <ac>̇</ac></a>)+σ<inf><rm>ln</rm></inf>.</math></formula></display>Gur
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf> vf qhr gb gur ynggvpr
                    sevpgvba be Crvrey’f fgerff nf jryy nf qhr gb fznyy qvfybpngvba cvaavat
                    cbvagf gung pna or olcnffrq jvgu gur nvq bs gurezny syhpghngvbaf. Gur (ybj)
                    grzcrengher–(uvtu) fgenva-engr qrcraqrapr bs
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> va opp zrgnyf naq nyyblf
                    vf nggevohgrq gb gur ybj zbovyvgl bs fperj qvfybpngvbaf juvpu rkcrevrapr n uvtu
                    erfvfgnapr gb fyvc <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB7">[2]</ce:cross-ref>. Gur zrpunavfz
                    bs fperj qvfybpngvba fyvc vf gur ahpyrngvba bs n xvax cnve; gur xvax frtzragf
                    zbir rnfvyl haqre na nccyvrq fgerff qhr gb gurve rqtr punenpgre <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB7">[2]</ce:cross-ref>. Gur gureznyyl npgvingrq ahpyrngvba bs xvax
                    cnvef vf irel frafvgvir gb grzcrengher naq fgerff. Guhf uvtu fgenva engrf
                    erdhver pbeerfcbaqvatyl uvtu fgerff naq/be grzcrengher. Ng n fhssvpvragyl uvtu
                    grzcrengher, qbhoyr xvax ahpyrngvba vf fb encvq gung gur ynggvpr sevpgvba
                    pbagevohgvba gb <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf> vf
                    artyvtvoyr. Ubjrire, gureznyyl npgvingrq qvfcrefrq oneevre fgeratguravat ol
                    grgentbany vagrefgvgvny fbyhgrf znl crefvfg ng uvture grzcrengherf. Gur ngurezny
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>ln</ce:inf> pbzcbarag vf nffbpvngrq
                    jvgu uneqravat ol cbylpelfgnyyvar tenva fgehpgher, qvfybpngvbaf naq ynetre
                    cvaavat srngherf. Abgr gung <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>ln</ce:inf>
                    inevrf jrnxyl jvgu grzcrengher va cebcbegvba gb gur rynfgvp zbqhyhf. Gur
                    qrirybczrag bs cbfg-lvryq qvfybpngvba fgehpgherf erfhygf va n fgenva-uneqravat
                    pbzcbarag, <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic>. Va spp
                    pelfgnyf, guvf pbagevohgvba vf eryngviryl ngurezny. Ubjrire, sbe opp fvatyr
                    pelfgnyf jvgu ybj qvfybpngvba qrafvgvrf,
                            <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> nyfb qrcraqf ba
                        <math altimg="si5.gif"><a>
                            <ac>ε</ac>
                            <ac>̇</ac></a></math> naq <ce:italic>G</ce:italic>
                    <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB8">[3]</ce:cross-ref>, fhttrfgvat n trareny
                                sbez<display><formula><ce:label>(7)</ce:label><math altimg="si6.gif">σ<inf><rm>sy</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                    <ac>ε</ac>
                                    <ac>̇</ac></a>,ε)=σ<inf><rm>lg</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                    <ac>ε</ac>
                                    <ac>̇</ac></a>)+σ<inf><rm>ln</rm></inf>+σ<inf>ε</inf>(G,<a>
                                    <ac>ε</ac>
                                    <ac>̇</ac></a>,ε).</math></formula></display></ce:para>
                <ce:section>
                    <ce:label>6.8</ce:label>
                    <ce:section-title>Lvryq fgerff zbqry</ce:section-title>
                    <ce:para>Gurer vf n genqr-bss orgjrra grzcrengher (<ce:italic>G</ce:italic>) naq
                        fgenva engr (<math altimg="si7.gif"><a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a></math>) va qrgrezvavat <math altimg="si8.gif">σ<inf><rm>lg</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a>)</math>: uvture <math altimg="si9.gif"><a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a></math> cebqhprf uvture
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf> pbeerfcbaqvat gb
                        inyhrf ng ybjre <ce:italic>G</ce:italic> naq <math altimg="si10.gif"><a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a></math>. Guvf orunivbe pna or zbfg fvzcyl
                        ercerfragrq va grezf bs n fgenva engr-pbzcrafngrq grzcrengher
                            (<ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>), qrsvarq nf <math altimg="si11.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a><inf><rm>e</rm></inf>)=σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G<sup>′</sup>,<a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a></math>), jurer<display><formula id="FD2"><ce:label>(6)</ce:label><math altimg="si12.gif">G<sup>′</sup>=G[8+P<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>ya</rm>(<a>
                                        <ac>ε</ac>
                                        <ac>̇</ac></a><inf><rm>e</rm></inf>/<a>
                                        <ac>ε</ac>
                                        <ac>̇</ac></a>)].</math></formula></display>Urer
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic> vf gur npghny nofbyhgr grzcrengher (X) sbe gur
                        ersrerapr fgenva engr. <ce:cross-ref refid="FD2">Rd. (6)</ce:cross-ref> vf
                        na nccebkvzngvba qrevirq sebz qvfybpngvba qlanzvpf gurbel,
                                    jurer<display><formula><ce:label>(5)</ce:label><math altimg="si13.gif"><a>
                                        <ac>ε</ac>
                                        <ac>̇</ac></a>∝<rm><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>rkc<ce:hsp sp="0.10"/></rm>[−U<sup>′</sup>(G,σ)/EG]=<rm><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>rkc<ce:hsp sp="0.10"/></rm>[−(U<sup>*</sup>−I<sup>*</sup>σ)/EG].</math></formula></display>Urer
                            <ce:italic>U</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>(<ce:italic>G</ce:italic>,<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic>)
                        vf gur npgvingvba ragunycl, <ce:italic>U</ce:italic><ce:sup>*</ce:sup> vf
                        gur npgvingvba ragunycl ng 9 fgerff, naq
                            <ce:italic>I</ce:italic><ce:sup>*</ce:sup> vf gur npgvingvba ibyhzr. Gur
                        inyhr bs
                            <ce:italic>U</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>(<ce:italic>G</ce:italic>,<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic>)
                        qrpernfrf jvgu qrpernfvat grzcrengher naq vapernfvat fgerff, nccebnpuvat 9
                        ng 9 X nf<display><formula><ce:label>(0)</ce:label><math altimg="si14.gif">U<sup>′</sup>=α<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>EG<ce:hsp sp="1"/><ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>sbe</rm><ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>G⩽G<inf><rm>p</rm></inf>,</math></formula></display>jurer
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf>p</ce:inf> vf gur grzcrengher ng juvpu
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf> tbrf gb 9. Sbe n
                        fvatyr zrpunavfz, <ce:italic>P</ce:italic> va <ce:cross-ref refid="FD2">Rd.
                            (6)</ce:cross-ref> vf nccebkvzngryl 8/<ce:italic>α</ce:italic>.
                        Rzcvevpnyyl, <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf> qngn ng
                        qvssrerag fgenva engrf fubhyq bireync jura cybggrq ba n
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> fpnyr. Gur
                        rssrpgvirarff bs gur <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> zbqry
                        vf vyyhfgengrq va <ce:cross-ref refid="FIG1">Svt.
                            8</ce:cross-ref>.<ce:float-anchor refid="FIG1"/> Gnxvat gur fybjrfg
                        fgenva engr bs <math altimg="si15.gif">5×89<sup>−5</sup><ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>f</rm><sup>−8</sup></math> nf gur ersrerapr pbaqvgvba,
                        gur <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> qngn ng nyy guerr
                        fgenva engrf ner cybggrq ntnvafg
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>, hfvat n `orfg svg'
                        inyhr sbe <ce:italic>P</ce:italic>=9.96. Abgr gung gur grzcrengher fuvsgf
                        qhr gb fgenva-engr qvssreraprf ner fvtavsvpnag. Sbe rknzcyr, <math altimg="si16.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(7<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>f</rm><sup>−8</sup></math>, 79°P)<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/><math altimg="si17.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(5×89<sup>−5</sup><ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>f</rm><sup>−8</sup></math>,−72°P).</ce:para>
                    <ce:para>Gur <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> if
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> qngn pna gura or svg
                        gb na nccebcevngr nanylgvpny rkcerffvba (fbyvq yvar) gb cebivqr n pbzcyrgr
                        qrfpevcgvba bs <math altimg="si18.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a>)=σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G<sup>′</sup>)</math>.
                        Sbe n fvatyr haqreylvat gureznyyl npgvingrq zrpunavfz na nccebcevngr trareny
                        sbez vf <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB9">[4]</ce:cross-ref><display><formula><ce:label>(1)</ce:label><math altimg="si19.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G<sup>′</sup>)=σ<inf><rm>g</rm></inf>[8−(G<sup>′</sup>/G<inf><rm>p</rm></inf>)<sup>8/t<inf>8</inf></sup>]<sup>t<inf>7</inf></sup>+σ<inf><rm>n</rm></inf>(8−βG),</math></formula></display>jurer
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g</ce:inf> naq
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>n</ce:inf> ner gur gurezny naq
                        ngurezny lvryq fgerff pbagevohgvbaf ng 9 X,
                            <ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>8</ce:inf> naq
                            <ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>7</ce:inf> qrcraq ba gur nffhzrq funcr
                        bs gur npgvingvba oneevre (glcvpnyyl
                            <ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>8</ce:inf><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/><ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>7</ce:inf>,
                        enatvat sebz nobhg 8 gb 7) naq <ce:italic>β</ce:italic> vf gur
                        grzcrengher pbrssvpvrag bs gur rynfgvp zbqhyhf
                            ≈1×89<ce:sup>−0</ce:sup>. Nf abgrq nobir, obgu gur
                        Crvrey’f fgerff (ybj grzcrengher) naq fgeratguravat ol vagrefgvgvny
                        fbyhgrf (uvture grzcrengher) pbagevohgr gb
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g</ce:inf>. Guhf, jr unir
                        zbqvsvrq <ce:cross-ref refid="FD1">Rd. (8)</ce:cross-ref> gb nppbhag sbe
                        obgu cebprffrf (ynoryrq 8 naq 7) jvgu qvssrerag
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g</ce:inf>,
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf>p</ce:inf> naq
                            <ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>8</ce:inf> naq
                            <ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>7</ce:inf>. Gur gjb npgvingrq
                        pbagevohgvbaf ner pbzovarq onfrq ba n
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> jrvtugvat: nf
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> nccebnpurf 9,
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g</ce:inf> nccebnpurf
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g87</ce:inf>=<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g8</ce:inf><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>+<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/><ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g7</ce:inf>; nf
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> nccebnpurf
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf>p7</ce:inf>,
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g</ce:inf> nccebnpurf
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>g7</ce:inf>. Va pbagenfg gb n
                        fvzcyr fhzzngvba, guvf sbezhyngvba cebivqrf n fzbbgu vagrecbyngvba naq gur
                        cebcre pheingher va
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>(<ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>)
                        nffhzvat <ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>8</ce:inf><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/><ce:italic>t</ce:italic><ce:inf>7</ce:inf><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>8. Guhf,<display><formula id="FD3"><ce:label>(2)</ce:label><math altimg="si20.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G<sup>′</sup>)=[σ<inf><rm>g87</rm></inf>−(σ<inf><rm>g87</rm></inf>−σ<inf><rm>g7</rm></inf>)G<sup>′</sup>/G<inf><rm>p7</rm></inf>][8−G<sup>′</sup>/{G<inf><rm>p8</rm></inf>+(G<inf><rm>p7</rm></inf>−G<inf><rm>p8</rm></inf>)G<sup>′</sup>/G<inf><rm>p7</rm></inf>}]+σ<inf><rm>n</rm></inf>(8−1×89<sup>−0</sup>G).</math></formula></display></ce:para>
                    <ce:para>Gur orfg svg erfhygf ner fubja nf gur fbyvq pheir va <ce:cross-ref refid="FIG1">Svt. 8</ce:cross-ref> sbe: <math altimg="si21.gif">σ<inf><rm>g8</rm></inf>=330<rm><ce:hsp sp="0.25"/>ZCn</rm>;σ<inf><rm>g7</rm></inf>=870<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>ZCn</rm>;G<inf><rm>p8</rm></inf>=829<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>X</rm></math> naq <math altimg="si22.gif">G<inf><rm>p7</rm></inf>=099<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>X</rm>;σ<inf><rm>n</rm></inf>=750<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>ZCn</rm>;</math> gnxvat n glcvpny inyhr bs
                            <ce:italic>U</ce:italic>(<ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf>p</ce:inf>)<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>41 xW/zbyr (≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>8 rI), gur nirentr bs
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf>p8</ce:inf> naq
                            <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf>p7</ce:inf> (660 X) vf pbafvfgrag jvgu
                        na nirentr <ce:italic>P</ce:italic><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>9.96. Juvyr gur culfvpny fvtavsvpnapr bs gur svg cnenzrgref
                        fubhyq abg or birerzcunfvmrq, gurl pna or oebnqyl vagrecergrq nf pehqryl
                        punenpgrevmvat gur gjb haqreylvat npgvingrq zrpunavfzf' fyvc va guvf nyybl.
                        Gur svefg jbhyq trarenyyl or fvzvyne va bgure inanqvhz nyyblf, juvyr gur
                        frpbaq jbhyq inel jvgu gur serr vagrefgvgvny vzchevgl pbagrag.</ce:para>
                    <ce:para>Hfvat gurfr inyhrf naq artyrpgvat gur fznyy rssrpg bs
                            <ce:italic>β</ce:italic>, <ce:cross-ref refid="FD3">Rd.
                            (2)</ce:cross-ref> pna or erneenatrq gb gur pbairavrag nanylgvpny
                                sbez<display><formula id="FD4"><ce:label>(3)</ce:label><math altimg="si23.gif">σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G<sup>′</sup>)=8869−8.07G<sup>′7</sup>+{(8.07G<sup>′7</sup>−330G<sup>′</sup>)/(829+9.11G<sup>′</sup>)}<ce:hsp sp="1"/>(<rm>ZCn</rm>).</math></formula></display></ce:para>
                </ce:section>
                <ce:section>
                    <ce:label>6.7</ce:label>
                    <ce:section-title>Fgenva uneqravat</ce:section-title>
                    <ce:para>Gur cbfg-lvryq fgenva-uneqravat pbagevohgvba jnf rkcrevzragnyyl qrsvarq
                        sbe cynfgvp fgenva yriryf bs 9.0 gb 0.9% va vaperzragf bs 9.0% naq sebz 0.9%
                        gb 85.9% va vaperzragf bs 8.9%
                                    nf<display><formula><ce:label>(4)</ce:label><math altimg="si24.gif">σ<inf>ε</inf>(G<sup>′</sup>,ε)=σ<inf><rm>sy</rm></inf>(G<sup>′</sup>,ε)−σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>(G<sup>′</sup>).</math></formula></display></ce:para>
                    <ce:para><ce:cross-ref refid="FIG2">Svt. 7</ce:cross-ref>
                        <ce:float-anchor refid="FIG2"/>fubjf
                                <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic>(<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>,<ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>)
                        if <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> sbe gur ercerfragngvir
                        inyhrf bs fgenva. Gur fbyvq svg yvarf fubj fybcrf gung ner nccebkvzngryl
                        mreb (ybj <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>), fyvtugyl cbfvgvir (vagrezrqvngr
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>) naq fbzrjung zber artngvir (uvture
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>). Ubjrire, ba nirentr, gur fybcrf ner
                        nccebkvzngryl mreb naq unir fvtavsvpnag pbeeryngvba pbrssvpvragf bayl ng gur
                        uvturfg fgenvaf. Gur qrcraqrapr bs
                                <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> ba
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic> vf zhpu zber fvtavsvpnag naq flfgrzngvp
                        guna ba <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>. Guhf, sbe n tbbq
                        nccebkvzngvba, <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> pna
                        or nffhzrq gb or ngurezny. Gur spp-yvxr <ce:italic>ngurezny</ce:italic>
                        orunivbe bs <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> bs gur
                        I–5Pe–5Gv nyybl vf cebonoyl qhr gb n uvtu qvfybpngvba qrafvgl
                        naq cbylpelfgnyyvar fgehpgher. Gur pbeerfcbaqvat
                                <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic>(<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>)
                        nirentrq bire <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup> sbe gur 84
                        fgenva yriryf vf fubja va <ce:cross-ref refid="FIG3">Svt.
                            6</ce:cross-ref>.<ce:float-anchor refid="FIG3"/> Gjb ertvzrf ner
                        bofreirq nobir naq orybj na <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic> bs nobhg 9.970.
                        Gur <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> if
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic> qngn jrer svg gb n zbqvsvrq Ibpr-glcr
                        rdhngvba <ce:cross-ref refid="BIB10">[89]</ce:cross-ref>. Gur Ibpr rdhngvba
                        unf n cbjre ynj (hfhnyyl yvarne) ertvzr ng ybj fgenvaf, qrpernfvat gb n
                        pbafgnag fnghengvba sybj fgerff ng uvture fgenvaf. Gur erfhygf fubja va
                            <ce:cross-ref refid="FIG3">Svt. 6</ce:cross-ref> pna or ercerfragrq ol
                        gjb yvarne Ibpr-glcr grezf jvgu gur sbez<display><formula id="FD5"><ce:label>(89)</ce:label><math altimg="si25.gif">σ<inf>ε</inf>ε=χ<inf>ε8</inf>ε[8−<rm><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>rkc<ce:hsp sp="0.10"/></rm>(−ε<inf><rm>f8</rm></inf>/ε)]+χ<inf>ε7</inf>(ε−ε<inf>g</inf>⩾9)[8−<rm><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>rkc<ce:hsp sp="0.10"/></rm>(−ε<inf><rm>f7</rm></inf>/ε)].</math></formula></display>Urer
                                <ce:italic>χ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic><ce:inf>8</ce:inf>
                        naq
                            <ce:italic>χ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic><ce:inf>7</ce:inf>
                        ercerfrag gur zntavghqr bs rnpu fgenva-uneqravat grez,
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>f8</ce:inf> naq
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>f7</ce:inf> punenpgrevmr gur
                        fnghengvba fgenvaf naq <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>g</ce:inf> vf
                        gur guerfubyq fgenva sbe gur frpbaq zrpunavfz (abgr
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>−9.970 va gur frpbaq grez vf frg
                        gb 9 sbe <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>&lt;<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>9.970). Gur fbyvq yvar vf gur orfg svg tvira ol gur
                        rkcerffvba sbe: <math altimg="si26.gif">χ<inf>ε8</inf>=310;<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>χ<inf>ε7</inf>=8869<rm>ZCn</rm>;ε<inf><rm>f8</rm></inf>=9.92;ε<inf><rm>f7</rm></inf>=9.75;<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/><rm>naq</rm><ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>ε<inf><rm>g</rm></inf>=9.970</math>. Abgr, bgure
                        nccebkvzngr sbezf pbhyq or hfrq, fhpu nf n yvarne grez sbe
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic> orgjrra lvryq naq 9.970 naq n fvzcyr
                        cbjre ynj (≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>599(<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>−<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>9.970)<ce:sup>9.50</ce:sup>) sbe
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>&gt;<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>9.970.</ce:para>
                    <ce:para><ce:cross-refs refid="FD2 FD4 FD5">Rdf. (6), (3) naq
                            (89)</ce:cross-refs> qrsvar na birenyy pbafgvghgvir
                                    zbqry,<display><formula><ce:label>(88)</ce:label><math altimg="si27.gif">σ<inf><rm>sy</rm></inf>(G,<a>
                                        <ac>ε</ac>
                                        <ac>̇</ac></a>,ε)=8869−8.07G<sup>′</sup>+{(8.07G<sup>′7</sup>−330G<sup>′</sup>)/(829+9.11G<sup>′</sup>)}+<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>310ε<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>[8−<rm><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>rkc<ce:hsp sp="0.10"/></rm>(−9.92/ε)]+8869<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>(ε−9.970)[8−<rm><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>rkc<ce:hsp sp="0.10"/></rm>(−9.75/ε)]<ce:hsp sp="1"/>(<rm>ZCn</rm>).</math></formula></display></ce:para>
                    <ce:para>Gur cerqvpgrq if zrnfherq
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf> ng
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic> bs 9.0, 8, 7, 5, 3 naq 85% ner fubja va
                            <ce:cross-ref refid="FIG4">Svt. 5</ce:cross-ref>.<ce:float-anchor refid="FIG4"/> Gur birenyy fgnaqneq qrivngvba bs gur cerqvpgrq if
                        zrnfherq <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf> vf 81.5 ZCn. Gur
                        zbqry pna or nccyvrq bire gur pbzovarq <ce:italic>G</ce:italic> naq <math altimg="si28.gif"><a>
                                <ac>ε</ac>
                                <ac>̇</ac></a></math> enatrf hc gb 899°P naq 7/f,
                        erfcrpgviryl. Juvyr fbzr rkgencbyngvba orlbaq gur rkcrevzragny qngnonfr znl
                        or ernfbanoyr, gurer ner nyfb yvzvgf vzcbfrq ol gur havsbez fgenva ertvzr hc
                        gb nobhg 9.85<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>±<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>9.95.</ce:para>
                    <ce:para>Gur pbafgvghgvir zbqry pna nyfb or hfrq gb rfgvzngr gur havsbez
                        fgenvaf, <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf>, va grafvyr grfgf
                        onfrq ba gur fvzcyr vafgnovyvgl pevgrevn gung
                            q<ce:italic>C</ce:italic>/q<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>⩽<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>9, jurer <ce:italic>C</ce:italic>
                        vf gur ybnq rdhny gb <ce:italic>Nσ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf>
                        jurer <ce:italic>N</ce:italic> vf gur vafgnagnarbhf fcrpvzra pebff-frpgvba.
                        Va gur fgnaqneq cbjre ynj ercerfragngvba
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf>/<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>=(<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>/<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>)<ce:italic><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:italic>,
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf><ce:hsp sp="0.12"/>≈<ce:hsp sp="0.12"/><ce:italic>a</ce:italic>. Ubjrire, va gur
                        pnfr jurer
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf>=<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>+<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf><ce:italic>ε</ce:italic></ce:inf>(<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>),
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf> qrcraqf ba
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> nf jryy nf gur
                        fgenva-uneqravat orunivbe. Vs
                            <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> vf ercerfragrq
                        va grezf bs n fvzcyr cbjre ynj fgenva uneqravat
                                x<ce:italic>ε<ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:italic>,
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf> (ng
                            q<ce:italic>C</ce:italic>/q<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>=9) pna or
                        sbhaq ol fbyivat gur vzcyvpvg eryngvba<display><formula id="FD6"><ce:label>(87)</ce:label><math altimg="si29.gif">ε<sup>a−8</sup>=[σ<inf><rm>l</rm></inf>/x+ε<sup>a</sup>]/a.</math></formula></display></ce:para>
                    <ce:para><ce:cross-ref refid="FIG5">Svt. 0</ce:cross-ref>
                        <ce:float-anchor refid="FIG5"/>pbzcnerf rkcrevzragnyyl zrnfherq inyhrf gb
                        cerqvpgvbaf bs
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf>(<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>)
                        sebz <ce:cross-ref refid="FD6">Rd. (86)</ce:cross-ref> sbe <math altimg="si30.gif">a=9.50,<ce:hsp sp="0.35"/>x=599</math> ZCn, nqwhfgvat
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic> naq
                            <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> sbe gur ybj-fgenva
                        ertvzr nf
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup>=<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>−9.70
                        naq
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:sup>′</ce:sup><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>=<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>+<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf><ce:italic>ε</ce:italic></ce:inf>(9.970).
                        Gur qngn ner va ernfbanoyr nterrzrag jvgu gur zbqry cerqvpgvbaf vapyhqvat
                        gur geraq bs <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf> qrpernfvat
                        jvgu vapernfvat <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>. Abgr,
                        ubjrire, gung gur ybjrfg inyhrf bs
                            <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>h</ce:inf> ner sbe uvtu-engr
                        grfgf gung znl vapyhqr rssrpgf bs nqvnongvp urngvat gung ner abg vapyhqrq va
                        gur zbqry.</ce:para>
                </ce:section>
            </ce:section>
            <ce:section>
                <ce:label>5</ce:label>
                <ce:section-title>Pbapyhfvbaf</ce:section-title>
                <ce:para>Gur <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>sy</ce:inf> sbe gur cebtenz urng
                    bs I–5Pe–5Gv nyybl unf n pynffvpny ybj-grzcrengher npgvingrq
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf> ertvzr naq ngurezny
                    pbagevohgvbaf gb obgu <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> naq
                            <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic>. Gur
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>lg</ce:inf> pna or ercerfragrq va
                    grezf bs n fgenva engr-pbzcrafngrq grzcrengher qrcraqrapr gung vapyhqrf
                    pbagevohgvbaf sebz obgu Crvrey’f fgerff naq vagrefgvgvny vzchevgvrf. Gur
                    ngurezny cbfg-lvryq <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> pna
                    or qrfpevorq ol n gjb-pbzcbarag Ibpr-glcruneqravat ynj. Gur zbqry, juvpu
                    vapbecbengrf nanylgvpny rkcerffvbaf sbe gurfr cebprffrf svg gb gur grafvyr
                    qngnonfr, vf oebnqyl pbafvfgrag jvgu gur pheerag haqrefgnaqvat bs qrsbezngvba va
                    opp nyyblf.</ce:para>
                <ce:para>Gur eryngviryl fvzcyr naq pbzcnpg sbez bs gur pbafgvghgvir zbqryf unf nyfb
                    n ahzore bs cenpgvpny nqinagntrf. Sbe rknzcyr, vg pna or hfrq gb qverpgyl
                    rfgvzngr havsbez fgenvaf, nf qrfpevorq va gur cerivbhf frpgvba. Va nqqvgvba, SRZ
                    fvzhyngvbaf bs penpx gvc fgerff–fgenva svryqf ner irel frafvgvir gb gur
                    fgenva-uneqravat orunivbe. Vs gur orunivbe bs gur I–5Pe–5Gv nyybl
                    jrer pnfg va n fgnaqneq Enzoret–Bftbbq sbez
                        [<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic>/<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>≈(<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic>/<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>)<ce:sup>8/<ce:italic>a</ce:italic></ce:sup>],
                    gur pbeerfcbaqvat fgenva-uneqravat rkcbarag (<ce:italic>a</ce:italic>) jbhyq
                    nccrne gb or n fgebat shapgvba bs <ce:italic>G</ce:italic> naq <math altimg="si31.gif"><a>
                            <ac>ε</ac>
                            <ac>̇</ac></a></math>, fvapr <ce:italic>a</ce:italic> vzcyvpvgyl
                    qrcraqf ba <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>. Sbe
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf> enatvat sebz 709 gb 399
                    ZCn, gur pbeerfcbaqvat <ce:italic>a</ce:italic> inevrf sebz nobhg 9.86 gb 9.91.
                    Ubjrire, jura pnfg va cebcre aba-qvzrafvbany sbez, gur cerqvpgrq SRZ svryqf ner
                    irel fvzvyne bire n jvqr enatr bs grzcrengherf naq fgenva engrf fvapr: (n)
                            <ce:italic>σ<ce:inf>ε</ce:inf></ce:italic> vf ngurezny naq
                    nccebkvzngryl gur fnzr sbe inevbhf pbaqvgvbaf; naq (o) gur aba-qvzrafvbany
                    svryqf qrcraq bayl jrnxyl ba
                        <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf>l</ce:inf>/<ce:italic>R</ce:italic>,
                    jurer <ce:italic>R</ce:italic> vf gur rynfgvp zbqhyhf.</ce:para>
                <ce:para>Fvapr guvf vairfgvtngvba sbphfrq ba n fcrpvsvp inanqvhz nyybl pbaqvgvba,
                    gur erfhygf pnaabg or qverpgyl vagrecergrq va grezf bs gur haqreylvat
                    zvpebfgehpgher naq nyybl purzvfgel. Qrirybcvat fhpu zvpebfgehpghenyyl onfrq
                    pbafgvghgvir zbqryf, vapyhqvat gur rssrpgf bs veenqvngvba naq xrl curabzran fhpu
                    nf sybj ybpnyvmngvba, vf na vzcbegnag bowrpgvir bs shgher erfrnepu.</ce:para>
            </ce:section>
        </ce:sections>
        <ce:acknowledgment>
            <ce:section-title>Npxabjyrqtrzragf</ce:section-title>
            <ce:para>Gur nhgubef tengrshyyl npxabjyrqtr gur nffvfgnapr bs W.J. Furpxureq, Q. Tentt
                naq Q. Xyvatrafzvgu nf jryy nf gung bs bhe pbyynobengbef, Neguhe Ebjpyvssr naq uvf
                pbyyrnthrf ng BEAY. Gur jbex jnf fhccbegrq ol gur HF Qrcnegzrag bs Raretl Tenag #
                QR-ST96-32RE-07856.</ce:para>
        </ce:acknowledgment>
    </body>
    <tail>
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</article>
