Biometrics Biometrics biometrics B Bi Bio Biom BLOCKSTART PAGESTART NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 10 0 0 1 1 0
DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00497.x doi: D DO DOI DOI: BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :./.-... 8 10 0 0 0 0 0
Orthonormal Transform orthonormal O Or Ort Orth BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
of a of o of of of BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
S. Ollier, s. S S. S. S. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .,,*.,. 7 4 0 0 0 0 1
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2 ENGREF/UMR 2 2 2 2 2 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /,,/,, 6 9 0 0 0 0 1
* email: * * * * * BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *:.-. 5 4 0 0 0 0 1
Summary. In summary. S Su Sum Summ BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
life history life l li lif life BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
from an from f fr fro from BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
to the to t to to to BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
topological properties topological t to top topo BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
the trait the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .,"," 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
is relevant is i is is is BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
topology of topology t to top topo BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (""). 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
computed from computed c co com comp BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
dependence. The dependence. d de dep depe BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ., 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
from the from f fr fro from BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
routines which routines r ro rou rout BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
Key words: key K Ke Key Key BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 :;;;;- 6 10 0 0 0 0 1
sition. sition. sition. s si sit siti BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1. Introduction 1. 1 1. 1. 1. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 1
In recent in I In In In BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ,- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
alyzing the alyzing a al aly alyz BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 -, 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
expressed as expressed e ex exp expr BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
sharing a sharing s sh sha shar BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 .- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
tification in tification t ti tif tifi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ""(, 4 8 0 0 0 0 1
1991), which 1991), 1 19 199 1991 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 ), 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
an old an a an an an BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 .- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
ative studies ative a at ati ativ BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
history traits history h hi his hist BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 , 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
as the as a as as as BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
variable. A variable. v va var vari BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
studies, arises studies, s st stu stud BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
hierarchically structured hierarchically h hi hie hier BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
sidered as sidered s si sid side BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
(Felsenstein, 1985). (felsenstein, ( (F (Fe (Fel BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 (,)." 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
signal" (Blomberg, signal" s si sig sign BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 "(,,,)"- 8 9 0 0 0 0 1
logenetic autocorrelation" logenetic l lo log loge BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 "(,) 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
be expected be b be be be BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ,, 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
trait values trait t tr tra trai BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
depend on depend d de dep depe BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
The potential the T Th The The BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
in relation in i in in in BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
tree, that tree, t tr tre tree BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ,,","- 6 9 0 0 0 0 1
terest, not terest, t te ter tere BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
on which on o on on on BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 , 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
proper characterization proper p pr pro prop BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
processes and processes p pr pro proc BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
consideration. This consideration. c co con cons BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 .( 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
and Kot, and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ,) 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
for the for f fo for for BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 / 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
been observed been b be bee been BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 (,). 4 8 0 0 0 0 1
However, concepts however, H Ho How Howe BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ,- 2 7 0 0 0 0 1
series analysis series s se ser seri BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
direct applicability direct d di dir dire BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
netic topics. netic n ne net neti BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ." 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
functions" (Legendre functions" f fu fun func BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 "(,),- 6 8 0 0 0 0 1
gram, variogram, gram, g gr gra gram BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ,,(,;,; 7 8 0 0 0 0 1
Wackernagel, 2003) wackernagel, W Wa Wac Wack BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ,)-""( 6 8 0 0 0 0 1
and Walden, and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ,), 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
test spatial test t te tes test BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 .(.., 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
or less or o or or or BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ) 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
as complements as a as as as BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
tions. In tions. t ti tio tion BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 .-,, 4 10 0 0 0 0 1
field developments field f fi fie fiel BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
dependence have dependence d de dep depe BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
phylogenetic issues phylogenetic p ph phy phyl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 (,., 4 8 0 0 0 0 1
2003), several 2003), 2 20 200 2003 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 ), 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
correlation between correlation c co cor corr BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
tree. But tree. t tr tre tree BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 .- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
scription of scription s sc scr scri BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
distributed along distributed d di dis dist BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 .,- 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
cation of cation c ca cat cati BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 (,)- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
pletely accommodate pletely p pl ple plet BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ( 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 BLOCKSTART PAGEEND NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 BLOCKSTART PAGESTART NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
Biometrics Biometrics biometrics B Bi Bio Biom BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 no 0 10 0 0 1 0 0
et al., et e et et et BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .,), 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
is an is i is is is BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
(Gittleman and (gittleman ( (G (Gi (Git BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 (,),- 5 8 0 0 0 0 1
mal properties mal m ma mal mal BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 (,), 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
generally not generally g ge gen gene BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
spatial or spatial s sp spa spat BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 (,)., 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
the lack the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
voted to voted v vo vot vote BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
values and values v va val valu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
The main the T Th The The BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
procedure to procedure p pr pro proc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
with respect with w wi wit with BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
tree, and tree, t tr tre tree BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ,, 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
"orthogram," to "orthogram," " "o "or "ort BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ","- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
mal basis mal m ma mal mal BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
ally, we ally, a al all ally BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
test statistics test t te tes test BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ,- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
ples for ples p pl ple ples BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
and phylogeny. and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
lustrated and lustrated l lu lus lust BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
using examples using u us usi usin BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
trasted patterns trasted t tr tra tras BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 1 7 0 0 0 0 1
2. An 2. 2 2. 2. 2. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 . 1 5 0 0 0 0 1
Variance Variance variance V Va Var Vari BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 no 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
2.1 Building 2.1 2 2. 2.1 2.1 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 . 1 7 0 0 0 0 1
Structure Structure structure S St Str Stru BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 no 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Let us let L Le Let Let BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 -- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
tive variable tive t ti tiv tive BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 (,...,), 8 10 0 0 0 0 1
for which for f fo for for BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
be a be b be be be BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
terminology concerning terminology t te ter term BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
common ancestor common c co com comm BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 (: 2 7 0 0 0 0 1
operational taxonomic operational o op ope oper BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,"") 4 8 0 0 0 0 1
n hypothetical n n n n n BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 (:); 4 8 0 0 0 0 1
branches emanate branches b br bra bran BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 , 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
evolution. Phylogenetic evolution. e ev evo evol BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
"consensus trees" "consensus " "c "co "con BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ""(,)"-"(, 10 8 0 0 0 0 1
Purvis, and purvis, P Pu Pur Purv BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,,) 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
established by established e es est esta BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 , 1 7 0 0 0 0 1
lengths are lengths l le len leng BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 . 1 5 0 0 0 0 1
Even when even E Ev Eve Even BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,- 2 7 0 0 0 0 1
mation of mation m ma mat mati BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
logical, or logical, l lo log logi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 , 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
traits evolve traits t tr tra trai BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 .- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
lutionary rates lutionary l lu lut luti BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 (, 2 7 0 0 0 0 1
1997) while 1997) 1 19 199 1997 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 ) 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
(Mindell and (mindell ( (M (Mi (Min BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 (,) 3 7 0 0 0 0 1
substantial level substantial s su sub subs BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
lengths. Consequently, lengths. l le len leng BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ., 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
general type general g ge gen gene BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
the phylogenetic the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,, 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
and between and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,. 2 7 0 0 0 0 1
Each taxonomic each E Ea Eac Each BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 () 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
a set a a a a a BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ., 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
dummy variable dummy d du dum dumm BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 [] 2 4 0 0 0 0 1
1≤i≤t to 1≤i≤t 1 1≤ 1≤i 1≤i≤ BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 (- 2 4 0 0 0 0 1
cluding the cluding c cl clu clud BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,), 3 6 0 0 0 0 1
i = i i i i i BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 no 0 3 0 0 0 0 1
descended from descended d de des desc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 , 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
i = i i i i i BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 1
For example, for F Fo For For BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 , 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
which is which w wh whi whic BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ,,,,,,- 7 8 0 0 0 0 1
Figure 1. figure F Fi Fig Figu BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
from a from f fr fro from BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 . 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
(A) Representation (a) ( (A (A) (A) BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 ()−, 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
nodes and nodes n no nod node BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 ,( 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
of the of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 ). 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
(B) Representation (b) ( (B (B) (B) BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 ()−- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
thonormal basis thonormal t th tho thon BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
indicate which indicate i in ind indi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
each node. each e ea eac each BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 .- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
ues of ues u ue ues ues BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 ( 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
and positive and a an and and BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 ,). 3 5 0 0 0 0 1
ing dummy ing i in ing ing BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 (,,,,,,,,,,,). 14 10 0 0 0 0 1
For the for F Fo For For BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
between dummy between b be bet betw BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 ,,- 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
ing taxonomic ing i in ing ing BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 (). 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
to rank to t to to to BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 ,(), 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
descendants of descendants d de des desc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
structure of structure s st str stru BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 .- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
terion, nodes terion, t te ter teri BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
subtree they subtree s su sub subt BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 .[] 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
that contains that t th tha that BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
All these all A Al All All BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
dependent. The dependent. d de dep depe BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 .- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
ables corresponding ables a ab abl able BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
k, sum k, k k, k, k, BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 ,,. 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
resolved by resolved r re res reso BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 ,, 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
corresponding to corresponding c co cor corr BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
np value. np n np np np BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 .( 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
root is root r ro roo root BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 ), 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
that is, that t th tha that BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 ,. 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
concatenation of concatenation c co con conc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
trix, V trix, t tr tri trix BLOCKEND PAGEEND SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 ,().(,) 7 8 0 0 0 0 1
Orthonormal Transform orthonormal O Or Ort Orth BLOCKSTART PAGESTART NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 no 0 10 0 0 1 1 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
of matrix of o of of of BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 ,, 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
the orthogonal the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 – 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
orthogonalization to orthogonalization o or ort orth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 . 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
The orthonormal the T Th The The BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
is defined is i is is is BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
first vector first f fi fir firs BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
to the to t to to to BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 /−- 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
thonormal vectors thonormal t th tho thon BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 (). 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
that 1 that t th tha that BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 no 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
t t t t t t t BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
B T b B B B B BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 −. 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
of the of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 ,–- 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
ization guarantees ization i iz iza izat BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
cordance with cordance c co cor cord BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
Consequently, the consequently, C Co Con Cons BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 , 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
variance among variance v va var vari BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 ( 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
dissimilar that dissimilar d di dis diss BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
high) and high) h hi hig high BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 ). 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
successive vectors successive s su suc succ BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
ilarity between ilarity i il ila ilar BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 1
2.2 Decomposition 2.2 2 2. 2.2 2.2 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 .- 2 7 0 0 0 0 1
Variable Variable variable V Va Var Vari BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 no 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
From the from F Fr Fro From BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 , 1 7 0 0 0 0 1
r = r r r r r BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 (,...,−) 8 10 0 0 0 0 1
and standardized and a an and and BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 , 1 5 0 0 0 0 1
t t t t t t t BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
B T b B B B B BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 1
standardizing are standardizing s st sta stan BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
tips. Standardization tips. t ti tip tips BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
values between values v va val valu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
tween examples. tween t tw twe twee BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 1
Transform coefficients transform T Tr Tra Tran BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
using x using u us usi usin BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 ,- 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
decomposition of decomposition d de dec deco BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 : 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
t t t t t t t BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
x T x x x x x BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 no 0 4 0 0 0 0 1
0 x 0 0 0 0 0 BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
t t t t t t t BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
r T r r r r r BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 no 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
r T r r r r r BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 .,,( 4 6 0 0 0 0 1
i ) i i i i i BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 )−,- 4 4 0 0 0 0 1
lative squared lative l la lat lati BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 ,,..., 6 10 0 0 0 0 1
t − t t t t t BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 −,- 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
thogram and thogram t th tho thog BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 ,. 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
coefficients can coefficients c co coe coef BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 ( 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
Figures 2–4). figures F Fi Fig Figu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 –). 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
display the display d di dis disp BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
several tests several s se sev seve BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
the examples, the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 ,- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
ing np ing i in ing ing BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
the interpretability the t th the the BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 . 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
3. Testing 3. 3 3. 3. 3. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 . 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
We consider we W We We We BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 () 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
phylogenetic dependence phylogenetic p ph phy phyl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 (.,),, 6 9 0 0 0 0 1
that the that t th tha that BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
of the of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
observed decomposition observed o ob obs obse BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
pared with pared p pa par pare BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 ! 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
permutations defined permutations p pe per perm BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 [], 3 10 0 0 0 0 1
for which for f fo for for BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
To carry to T To To To BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
computed from computed c co com comp BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
of the of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 .- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
mentary in mentary m me men ment BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
and power and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 ( 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
below). below). below). b be bel belo BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 ). 2 1 0 0 0 0 1
A first a A A A A BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 , 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
R2Max (x) r2max R R2 R2M R2Ma BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 () 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
r 2 r r r r r BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 no 0 2 0 0 0 0 1
1 , 1 1 1 1 1 BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 ,..., 5 10 0 0 0 0 1
t−1 t−1 t−1 t t− t−1 t−1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
, , , , , , , BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 , 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
Figure 2. figure F Fi Fig Figu BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
species of species s sp spe spec BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 (.,).()- 8 9 0 0 0 0 1
genetic tree genetic g ge gen gene BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 () 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
variable (center) variable v va var vari BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 ()().()- 8 9 0 0 0 0 1
thogram and thogram t th tho thog BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 .: 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
the bars the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 ( 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
and gray and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 ,- 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
spectively). The spectively). s sp spe spec BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 ). 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
5%, deduced 5%, 5 5% 5%, 5%, BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 ,( 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
indicated by indicated i in ind indi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 ). 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
plot: circles plot: p pl plo plot BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 : 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
coefficients, expected coefficients, c co coe coef BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 , 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
line, and line, l li lin line BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
interval. interval. interval. i in int inte BLOCKEND PAGEEND SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 BLOCKSTART PAGESTART NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
Biometrics Biometrics biometrics B Bi Bio Biom BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 10 0 0 1 0 0
Figure 3. figure F Fi Fig Figu BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 .() 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
of 18 of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 (.,).()- 8 9 0 0 0 0 1
logenetic tree logenetic l lo log loge BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 ()- 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
male body male m ma mal male BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 ()(). 5 10 0 0 0 0 1
(B) Orthogram (b) ( (B (B) (B) BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 ()(- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
end of end e en end end BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 ). 2 6 0 0 0 0 1
Figure 4. figure F Fi Fig Figu BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 .() 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
species of species s sp spe spec BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 (.,).()- 8 10 0 0 0 0 1
netic tree netic n ne net neti BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 () 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
(center) and (center) ( (c (ce (cen BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 ()().() 7 10 0 0 0 0 1
cumulative orthogram cumulative c cu cum cumu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 ( 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
for explanations). for f fo for for BLOCKEND PAGEEND SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 ). 2 3 0 0 0 0 1
Orthonormal Transform orthonormal O Or Ort Orth BLOCKSTART PAGESTART NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 10 0 0 1 0 0
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
which is which w wh whi whic BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
accounts for accounts a ac acc acco BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
mean that mean m me mea mean BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
one node one o on one one BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
deriving branches. deriving d de der deri BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 . 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
in the in i in in in BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 ,, 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
nodes are nodes n no nod node BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
the orthogram the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
instead of instead i in ins inst BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
been proposed been b be bee been BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 (,), 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
we derived we w we we we BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
namely, namely, namely, n na nam name BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 , 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
D max d D D D D BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 () 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
1≤m≤t−1 1≤m≤t−1 1≤m≤t−1 1 1≤ 1≤m 1≤m≤ BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
m m m m m m m BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
i=1 i=1 i=1 i i= i=1 i=1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
r 2 r r r r r BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
i − i i i i i BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
m m m m m m m BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 no 0 3 0 0 0 0 1
t − t t t t t BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
. . . . . . . BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 . 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
It corresponds it I It It It BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 –- 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
tic used tic t ti tic tic BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 [ 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
m m m m m m m BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
i=1 i=1 i=1 i i= i=1 i=1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
r 2 r r r r r BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
i ] i i i i i BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 ]− 2 3 0 0 0 0 1
an ordered an a an an an BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
(0, 1). (0, ( (0 (0, (0, BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 (,)., 5 8 0 0 0 0 1
SkR2k (x) skr2k S Sk SkR SkR2 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 () 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
t−1 t−1 t−1 t t− t−1 t−1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
i=1 i=1 i=1 i i= i=1 i=1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
ir 2 ir i ir ir ir BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
i , i i i i i BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 , 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
which assesses which w wh whi whic BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
the phylogenetic the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
tips. The tips. t ti tip tips BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 ., 2 7 0 0 0 0 1
SCE (x) sce S SC SCE SCE BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 () 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
t−1 t−1 t−1 t t− t−1 t−1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
i=1 i=1 i=1 i i= i=1 i=1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
r 2 r r r r r BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 no 0 5 0 0 0 0 1
i − i i i i i BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
i−1 i−1 i−1 i i− i−1 i−1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 − 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
2 , 2 2 2 2 2 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 , 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
which measures which w wh whi whic BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
values. values. values. v va val valu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
For all for F Fo For For BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
a relevant a a a a a BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
values. All values. v va val valu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
the preparation the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 ( 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
and Gentleman, and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 ,),-- 5 8 0 0 0 0 1
sonal routines. sonal s so son sona BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 . 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
package available package p pa pac pack BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 ://.-./, 8 8 0 0 0 0 1
the meantime the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
author. The author. a au aut auth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 .- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
site http://www.tibs.org. site s si sit site BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 ://... 6 4 0 0 0 0 1
4. Applications 4. 4 4. 4. 4. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 1
Phylogenetic examples phylogenetic P Ph Phy Phyl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
ied the ied i ie ied ied BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
evolution of evolution e ev evo evol BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
three examples three t th thr thre BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
phylogenetic dependence. phylogenetic p ph phy phyl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
results provided results r re res resu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
the only the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 ,- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
logenetic correlogram logenetic l lo log loge BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 (,).- 5 8 0 0 0 0 1
relogram corresponding relogram r re rel relo BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
computing Moran's computing c co com comp BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 '(,), 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
successive classes successive s su suc succ BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 (). 3 10 0 0 0 0 1
procedures for procedures p pr pro proc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
sponding confidence sponding s sp spo spon BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
Kot (1990). kot K Ko Kot Kot BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 (). 3 1 0 0 0 0 1
Exploratory analyses exploratory E Ex Exp Expl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
with meaningful with w wi wit with BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
Figure 5. figure F Fi Fig Figu BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
five, and five, f fi fiv five BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 ,'( 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
squares). The squares). s sq squ squa BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 ). 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
H 0 h H H H H BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
deduced from deduced d de ded dedu BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 . 1 6 0 0 0 0 1
along the along a al alo alon BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
of spatially of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
analysis using analysis a an ana anal BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
But such but B Bu But But BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
erature and erature e er era erat BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 ,, 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
method. We method. m me met meth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
variable (Figure variable v va var vari BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 (). 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
leaf out leaf l le lea leaf BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 '() 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
the dotplot the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 " 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
have labels." have h ha hav have BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 .", 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
this graphical this t th thi this BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
the nature the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
of quantitative of o of of of BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 1
1. Absence 1. 1 1. 1. 1. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 . 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
We first we W We We We BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 ,, 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
Jouventin (2002), jouventin J Jo Jou Jouv BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 (), 3 10 0 0 0 0 1
of procellariiformes of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 (). 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
were compiled were w we wer were BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
for Procellariiformes for f fo for for BLOCKEND PAGEEND SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 (.,). 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 BLOCKSTART PAGESTART SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
Biometrics Biometrics biometrics B Bi Bio Biom BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 10 0 0 1 0 0
Table 1 table T Ta Tab Tabl BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Observed values observed O Ob Obs Obse BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 -() 3 10 0 0 0 0 1
statistics (999 statistics s st sta stat BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 () 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
R2Max R2Max r2max R R2 R2M R2Ma BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
SkR2k SkR2k skr2k S Sk SkR SkR2 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
Dmax Dmax dmax D Dm Dma Dmax BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
SCE SCE sce S SC SCE SCE BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 6 0 0 0 0 1
Procellariiformes Procellariiformes procellariiformes P Pr Pro Proc BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 4 0 0 0 0 1
0.22 0.22 0.22 0 0. 0.2 0.22 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
9.28 9.28 9.28 9 9. 9.2 9.28 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0.12 0.12 0.12 0 0. 0.1 0.12 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0.09 0.09 0.09 0 0. 0.0 0.09 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
p = p p p p p BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 .. 2 4 0 0 0 0 1
p = p p p p p BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 .. 2 4 0 0 0 0 1
Ungulates Ungulates ungulates U Un Ung Ungu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 2 0 0 0 0 1
0.47 0.47 0.47 0 0. 0.4 0.47 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
8.35 8.35 8.35 8 8. 8.3 8.35 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0. 0.2 0.25 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0.28 0.28 0.28 0 0. 0.2 0.28 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
p = p p p p p BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 .... 4 8 0 0 0 0 1
Teleost fishes teleost T Te Tel Tele BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 no 0 3 0 0 0 0 1
0.15 0.15 0.15 0 0. 0.1 0.15 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
15.4 15.4 15.4 1 15 15. 15.4 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0.3 0.3 0.3 0 0. 0.3 0.3 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
2.14 2.14 2.14 2 2. 2.1 2.14 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
p = p p p p p BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 .... 4 10 0 0 0 0 1
Because divergence because B Be Bec Beca BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
(Pontier, personal (pontier, ( (P (Po (Pon BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 (,), 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
considered as considered c co con cons BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
has been has h ha has has BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
make its make m ma mak make BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
our four our o ou our our BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
tribution of tribution t tr tri trib BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
the four the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
of many of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 ()., 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
values of values v va val valu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
fidence envelopes fidence f fi fid fide BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 (). 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
absence of absence a ab abs abse BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 -. 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
The phylogenetic the T Th The The BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 () 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
indicated an indicated i in ind indi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
distance class. distance d di dis dist BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
all traits all a al all all BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 ., 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
there exist there t th the ther BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 (., 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
2003) under 2003) 2 20 200 2003 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 1 )- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
genetic history genetic g ge gen gene BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
absence of absence a ab abs abse BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
a first a a a a a BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
a life a a a a a BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 ,. 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
2. Importance 2. 2 2. 2. 2. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 . 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
For this for F Fo For For BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 ,. 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
(1995) relating (1995) ( (1 (19 (199 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 3 () 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
of Ungulates, of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
(Figure 3A). (figure ( (F (Fi (Fig BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 ().- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
known for known k kn kno know BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 (,), 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
taxonomy-based phylogeny taxonomy-based t ta tax taxo BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
been used. been b be bee been BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 .-- 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
ysis. Only ysis. y ys ysi ysis BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 .( 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
1). Moreover, 1). 1 1) 1). 1). BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 )., 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
prevalence of prevalence p pr pre prev BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 ,- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
sponds to sponds s sp spo spon BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
The simultaneous the T Th The The BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
(Figure 3A) (figure ( (F (Fi (Fig BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 () 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
evolutionary event evolutionary e ev evo evol BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
until present. until u un unt unti BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
of phylogenetic of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
three of three t th thr thre BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 (,,), 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
cumulative orthogram, cumulative c cu cum cumu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 ,- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
gram (Figure gram g gr gra gram BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 (). 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
of the of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
indicate a indicate i in ind indi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
dence. dence. dence. d de den denc BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
3. Diffuse 3. 3 3. 3. 3. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 . 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
The last the T Th The The BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
rity (years) rity r ri rit rity BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ()(). 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
have been have h ha hav have BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 .() 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
the most the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
tablish phylogenetic tablish t ta tab tabl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
based on based b ba bas base BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
traits were traits t tr tra trai BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
present knowledge present p pr pre pres BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
were obtained were w we wer were BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
of branch of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
trait was trait t tr tra trai BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 -. 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
be considered be b be be be BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
test statistics test t te tes test BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 (,,) 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
departure from departure d de dep depa BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 () 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
had most had h ha had had BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
(Figures 4B). (figures ( (F (Fi (Fig BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ().- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
ically different ically i ic ica ical BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
the values the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ,,- 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
specific variance, specific s sp spe spec BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ,- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
plexity value, plexity p pl ple plex BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ,,. 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
(Figure 5) (figure ( (F (Fi (Fig BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ()"- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
ent": there ent": e en ent ent" BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 ": 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
to phylogenetic to t to to to BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 .- 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
lated species lated l la lat late BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
a similarity a a a a a BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 . 1 7 0 0 0 0 1
5. Discussion 5. 5 5. 5. 5. BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 1
The above the T Th The The BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
is a is i is is is BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
of phylogenetic of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
nies, as nies, n ni nie nies BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 ,. 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
The approach the T Th The The BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
puter technology puter p pu put pute BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 -- 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
ing multiple, ing i in ing ing BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
simultaneous views simultaneous s si sim simu BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
tributions of tributions t tr tri trib BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
test statistics. test t te tes test BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 1
Characterizing phylogenetic characterizing C Ch Cha Char BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 - 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
mal transform mal m ma mal mal BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 ,()- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
inition of inition i in ini init BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 , 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
description of description d de des desc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 ()- 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
position on position p po pos posi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
orthograms. Such orthograms. o or ort orth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
does not does d do doe does BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
tree and tree t tr tre tree BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
have been have h ha hav have BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 ., 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
orthonormal transforms orthonormal o or ort orth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
logenetic data. logenetic l lo log loge BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 .,/, 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
the Fourier the t th the the BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 - 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
forms (Percival, forms f fo for form BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 (,) 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
(Percival and (percival ( (P (Pe (Per BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 (,)., 5 9 0 0 0 0 1
bases associated bases b ba bas base BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
as the as a as as as BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 (,, 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
Sachs, 1979) sachs, S Sa Sac Sach BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 ,) 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
orthograms. Thus, orthograms. o or ort orth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 .,- 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
phylogenetic distances phylogenetic p ph phy phyl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 (,)- 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
ternative way ternative t te ter tern BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 . 1 7 0 0 0 0 1
Consequently, the consequently, C Co Con Cons BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 , 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
also be also a al als also BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
the orthogram. the t th the the BLOCKEND PAGEEND SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
Orthonormal Transform orthonormal O Or Ort Orth BLOCKSTART PAGESTART NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 no 0 10 0 0 1 0 0
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 NOCAPS ALLDIGIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
proposed for proposed p pr pro prop BLOCKSTART PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 (,;, 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
1990), but 1990), 1 19 199 1990 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 ), 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
decompositions using decompositions d de dec deco BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
with respect with w wi wit with BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
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only gives only o on onl only BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 no 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
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1981), when 1981), 1 19 198 1981 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 ), 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
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ever, in ever, e ev eve ever BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 , 1 10 0 0 0 0 1
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of the of o of of of BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 (, 2 9 0 0 0 0 1
1985), a 1985), 1 19 198 1985 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 ),- 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
proach is, proach p pr pro proa BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 ,, 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
future. future. future. f fu fut futu BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements acknowledgements A Ac Ack Ackn BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
We are we W We We We BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 ... 3 9 0 0 0 0 1
placed their placed p pl pla plac BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
to evaluate to t to to to BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 1
two anonymous two t tw two two BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 1
methodological comments methodological m me met meth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 no 0 9 0 0 0 0 1
initial version. initial i in ini init BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 1
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iformes. Animal iformes. i if ifo ifor BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 .,–. 4 5 0 0 0 0 1
Cleveland, W. cleveland, C Cl Cle Clev BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 ,..().. 7 9 0 0 0 0 1
Jersey: AT&T jersey: J Je Jer Jers BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 :,. 3 7 0 0 0 0 1
Cliff, A. cliff, C Cl Cli Clif BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 ,..,..()... 11 9 0 0 0 0 1
Q1 Q1 q1 Q Q1 Q1 Q1 BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT LOWERFONT 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 no 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
Cressie, N. cressie, C Cr Cre Cres BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT HIGHERFONT 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,...()..: 9 9 0 0 0 0 1
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Cvetkoviv, D. cvetkoviv, C Cv Cve Cvet BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..,,.,,.(). 12 9 0 0 0 0 1
Graphs. New graphs. G Gr Gra Grap BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .:. 3 5 0 0 0 0 1
Diggle, P. diggle, D Di Dig Digg BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..().:. 8 10 0 0 0 0 1
Oxford: Clarendron oxford: O Ox Oxf Oxfo BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 :. 2 3 0 0 0 0 1
Felsenstein, J. felsenstein, F Fe Fel Fels BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.(). 5 8 0 0 0 0 1
method. American method. m me met meth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .,–. 4 5 0 0 0 0 1
Gittleman, J. gittleman, G Gi Git Gitt BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..,.().: 9 9 0 0 0 0 1
and a and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .- 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
tematic Zoology tematic t te tem tema BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,–. 3 4 0 0 0 0 1
Harvey, P. harvey, H Ha Har Harv BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..,.(). 8 7 0 0 0 0 1
Method in method M Me Met Meth BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .:- 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
sity Press. sity s si sit sity BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Harville, D. harville, H Ha Har Harv BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..().' 7 9 0 0 0 0 1
Perspective. New perspective. P Pe Per Pers BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .:. 3 5 0 0 0 0 1
Ihaka, R. ihaka, I Ih Iha Ihak BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.,.().: 8 8 0 0 0 0 1
data analysis data d da dat data BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 . 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
Graphical Statistics graphical G Gr Gra Grap BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,–. 3 5 0 0 0 0 1
Legendre, P. legendre, L Le Leg Lege BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.().: 6 9 0 0 0 0 1
paradigm. Ecology paradigm. p pa par para BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .,–. 4 5 0 0 0 0 1
Legendre, P. legendre, L Le Leg Lege BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.,.()..- 9 9 0 0 0 0 1
sterdam: Elsevier sterdam: s st ste ster BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 :. 2 4 0 0 0 0 1
Mindell, D. mindell, M Mi Min Mind BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..,..(). 9 9 0 0 0 0 1
evolution: Phylogenetics evolution: e ev evo evol BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 :. 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
Review of review R Re Rev Revi BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,–. 3 7 0 0 0 0 1
Pélabon, C., pélabon, P Pé Pél Péla BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.,,..,,.,,. 12 8 0 0 0 0 1
(1995). Is (1995). ( (1 (19 (199 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 6 ().-- 5 8 0 0 0 0 1
ternal expenditure ternal t te ter tern BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ? 1 8 0 0 0 0 1
Ecology and ecology E Ec Eco Ecol BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,–. 3 5 0 0 0 0 1
Percival, D. percival, P Pe Per Perc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.()..- 7 8 0 0 0 0 1
metrics, Volume metrics, m me met metr BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,,..-.. 7 7 0 0 0 0 1
Piegorsch (eds), piegorsch P Pi Pie Pieg BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 (),–.: 6 8 0 0 0 0 1
Sons, Ltd. sons, S So Son Sons BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,. 2 1 0 0 0 0 1
Percival, D. percival, P Pe Per Perc BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..,..(). 9 9 0 0 0 0 1
Time Series time T Ti Tim Time BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .: 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
Press. Press. press. P Pr Pre Pres BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ripley, B. ripley, R Ri Rip Ripl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..()..: 8 9 0 0 0 0 1
and Sons. and a an and and BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Rochet, M. rochet, R Ro Roc Roch BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..,,..,,.,,. 13 9 0 0 0 0 1
(2000). Comparative (2000). ( (2 (20 (200 BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 ALLCAP CONTAINSDIGITS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 6 (). 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
effects in effects e ef eff effe BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .,–. 4 9 0 0 0 0 1
Rohlf, F. rohlf, R Ro Roh Rohl BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..(). 6 9 0 0 0 0 1
continuous variables: continuous c co con cont BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 :.- 3 8 0 0 0 0 1
tion 55, tion t ti tio tion BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,–. 3 3 0 0 0 0 1
Sanderson, M. sanderson, S Sa San Sand BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,..,,.,,.().- 13 9 0 0 0 0 1
netic supertrees: netic n ne net neti BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 :. 2 8 0 0 0 0 1
Ecology and ecology E Ec Eco Ecol BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,–. 3 5 0 0 0 0 1
Svensson, E. svensson, S Sv Sve Sven BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.().-. 7 8 0 0 0 0 1
Trends in trends T Tr Tre Tren BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,–. 3 6 0 0 0 0 1
Wackernagel, H. wackernagel, W Wa Wac Wack BLOCKIN PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 ,.()..- 7 9 0 0 0 0 1
duction with duction d du duc duct BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 NOCAPS NODIGIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 .:. 3 6 0 0 0 0 1
Received November received R Re Rec Rece BLOCKSTART PAGEIN NEWFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 .. 2 10 0 0 0 0 1
Accepted July accepted A Ac Acc Acce BLOCKEND PAGEIN SAMEFONT SAMEFONTSIZE 0 0 INITCAP NODIGIT 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 . 1 4 0 0 0 0 1