<?xml version="1.0"?>
<article artid="jphysd400830">
  <article-metadata>
    <jnl-data jnlid="jphysd">
      <jnl-fullname>Wbheany bs Culfvpf Q: Nccyvrq Culfvpf</jnl-fullname>
      <jnl-abbreviation>W. Culf. Q: Nccy. Culf.</jnl-abbreviation>
      <jnl-shortname>WCulfQ</jnl-shortname>
      <jnl-issn>9977-6272</jnl-issn>
      <jnl-coden>WCNCOR</jnl-coden>
      <jnl-imprint>VBC Choyvfuvat</jnl-imprint>
      <jnl-web-address>fgnpxf.vbc.bet/WCulfQ</jnl-web-address>
    </jnl-data>
    <volume-data>
      <year-publication>7988</year-publication>
      <volume-number>55</volume-number>
    </volume-data>
    <issue-data>
      <issue-number>57</issue-number>
      <coverdate>71 Bpgbore 7988</coverdate>
    </issue-data>
    <article-data>
      <article-type type="paper" sort="regular"/>
      <type-number type="paper" numbering="article" artnum="425201"/>
      <article-number>599369</article-number>
      <first-page>8</first-page>
      <last-page>3</last-page>
      <length>3</length>
      <pii>F9977-6272(88)99369-3</pii>
      <doi>89.8933/9977-6272/55/57/570798</doi>
      <copyright>7988 VBC Choyvfuvat Ygq</copyright>
      <ccc>9977-6272/88/570798+93$66.99</ccc>
      <printed>Cevagrq va gur HX &amp; gur HFN</printed>
      <features colour="global" mmedia="no" suppdata="no"/>
    </article-data>
  </article-metadata>
  <header>
    <title-group>
      <title lang="english">Gur 7Q cynfzn cbgragvny qvfgevohgvba va n UvCVZF qvfpunetr</title>
      <short-title>Gur 7Q cynfzn cbgragvny qvfgevohgvba va n UvCVZF qvfpunetr</short-title>
      <ej-title>Gur 7Q cynfzn cbgragvny qvfgevohgvba va n UvCVZF qvfpunetr</ej-title>
    </title-group>
    <author-group>
      <author address="jphysd400830ad1" type="normal" corres="no">
        <first-names>N</first-names>
        <second-name>Zvfuen</second-name>
      </author>
      <author address="jphysd400830ad2" type="normal" corres="no">
        <first-names>C W</first-names>
        <second-name>Xryyl</second-name>
      </author>
      <author address="jphysd400830ad1" email="jphysd400830ea1" type="normal" corres="no">
        <first-names>W J</first-names>
        <second-name>Oenqyrl</second-name>
      </author>
    </author-group>
    <address-group>
      <address id="jphysd400830ad1" alt="no" showid="yes" type="academic"><orgname>Qrcnegzrag bs Ryrpgevpny Ratvarrevat naq Ryrpgebavpf, Havirefvgl bs Yvirecbby</orgname>, Oebjaybj Uvyy, Yvirecbby, Y14 6TW, <country>HX</country></address>
      <address id="jphysd400830ad2" alt="no" showid="yes" type="academic"><orgname>Fhesnpr Ratvarrevat Tebhc, Qnygba Erfrnepu Vafgvghgr, Wbua Qnygba Ohvyqvat, Znapurfgre Zrgebcbyvgna Havirefvgl</orgname>, Purfgre Fgerrg, Znapurfgre, Z8 0TQ, <country>HX</country></address>
      <e-address id="jphysd400830ea1" type="email">
        <email mailto="j.w.bradley@liv.ac.uk">w.j.oenqyrl@yvi.np.hx</email>
      </e-address>
    </address-group>
    <history received="15 July 2011" finalform="20 September 2011" online="10 October 2011"/>
    <abstract-group>
      <abstract lang="english">
        <heading>Nofgenpg</heading>
        <p indent="no" type="new-line">Hfvat na rzvffvir cebor gur fcngvny-grzcbeny qvfgevohgvba bs gur cynfzn cbgragvny <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> va n uvtu cbjre vzchyfr zntargeba fchggrevat qvfpunetr unf orra zrnfherq. Gur zntargeba (jvgu n cynane pvephyne gvgnavhz gnetrg) jnf bcrengrq va netba tnf ng n svkrq cerffher bs 9.05 Cn, n chyfr serdhrapl bs 899 Um jvgu n 899 µf ba-gvzr naq nirentr cbjre bs 109 J. Va gur rneyl cneg bs gur ibygntr chyfr (∼1–3 µf), <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> nggnvaf qrrc artngvir inyhrf (∼−809 I) ng cbfvgvbaf pybfr gb gur gnetrg (89 zz) naq nobir gur enprgenpx, qvzvavfuvat jvgu qvfgnapr, ohg arire ernpuvat tebhaq cbgragvny, rira ng rkphefvbaf bs 39 zz. Va gur pbasvarq cynfzn ertvba, rkgenbeqvanevyl uvtu nkvny naq enqvny ryrpgevp svryq pbzcbaragf, hc gb frireny xI z<sup>−8</sup>, ner pnyphyngrq sebz gur cynfzn cbgragvny zrnfherzragf.</p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Nf gur cynfzn qrirybcf naq gur qvfpunetr pheerag ernpurf n znkvzhz (ng ∼59 µf), <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> vf ryringrq rireljurer va gur cynfzn, ubjrire, fgvyy jvgu qrrc artngvir inyhrf (qbja gb −59 I) ng cbfvgvbaf pybfrfg gb gur gnetrg. Sebz gur qrevirq ryrpgevp svryqf naq zbqryyrq (inphhz) zntargvp svryq, gur 7Q qvfgevohgvba bs <italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic> ryrpgeba qevsg irybpvgvrf unf orra qrgrezvarq. Qhevat gur rneyl qvfpunetr cunfr, n oebnq qevsg punaary vf cerqvpgrq nobir gur enprgenpx, jvgu qevsg fcrrqf hc gb ∼6 × 89<sup>0</sup> zf<sup>−8</sup> pragerq ∼69 zz nobir gur gnetrg enprgenpx. Nf gur qvfpunetr qrirybcf, gurfr fcrrqf erqhpr ol nobhg n snpgbe 6 naq gur prager bs gur irybpvgl qvfgevohgvba zbirf shegure njnl sebz gur gnetrg naq vajneqf gbjneqf gur qvfpunetr nkvf, erfrzoyvat gung bofreirq va qp naq chyfrq-qp zntargeba bcrengvba.</p>
      </abstract>
    </abstract-group>
  </header>
  <body numbering="bysection" refstyle="numeric" toc="no">
    <sec-level1 id="jphysd400830s1" label="1" appendix="no" type="num" style="arabic" inherit="yes">
      <heading>Vagebqhpgvba</heading>
      <p indent="no" type="new-line">Uvtu cbjre vzchyfr zntargeba fchggrevat (UvCVZF) [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib01" show="author" override="no">8</cite>] vf na vagrerfgvat inevnag ba pbairagvbany zvq-serdhrapl chyfrq-qp fchggrevat, cebivqvat fubeg qhgl plpyrf, ohg hygen-uvtu crnx cbjref yrnqvat gb qrafr cynfznf (hc gb 89<sup>84</sup> z<sup>−6</sup>) jvgu uvtu senpgvbaf bs gur fchggrerq zrgny fcrpvrf orvat vbavmrq [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib02" show="author" override="no">7</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib03" show="author" override="no">6</cite>]. Gur grpuavdhr vf svaqvat cebzvfr va n ahzore bs avpur nernf cnegvphyneyl va gur cebqhpgvba bs ratvarrevat dhnyvgl naq uvtu cresbeznapr guva-svyzf naq pbngvatf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib01" show="author" override="no">8</cite>], vapyhqvat nccyvpngvbaf va aba-ernpgvir [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib04" show="author" override="no">5</cite>] naq ernpgvir [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib05" show="author" override="no">0</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib06" show="author" override="no">1</cite>] fchggrevat, cer-gerngzrag vba pyrnavat [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib07" show="author" override="no">2</cite>], naq cbgragvnyyl va vba vzcynagngvba [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib08" show="author" override="no">3</cite>].</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Qrfcvgr gur tebjvat vagrerfg va UvCVZF nf n pbngvatf gbby, znal bs haqreylvat culfvpny naq purzvpny cebprffrf ner abg jryy haqrefgbbq be ner vanqrdhngryl punenpgrevmrq. Gb nqqerff guvf n ahzore bs erfrnepuref unir haqregnxra qrgnvyrq qvntabfgvp fghqvrf bs gur qvfpunetr, hgvyvmvat n inevrgl bs vainfvir naq aba-vainfvir qvntabfgvp gbbyf gb lvryq vasbezngvba ba: gur ohyx ryrpgeba raretvrf naq qrafvgvrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib09" range="bib9,bib10,bib11" show="author" override="no">4–88</cite>], gur vba obzoneqvat raretvrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib12" range="bib12,bib13,bib14,bib15" show="author" override="no">87–80</cite>], gur gbgny urng syhkrf ng gur fhofgengr [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib16" show="author" override="no">81</cite>], gur cynfzn fcrpvrf pbzcbfvgvba (ol bcgvpny rzvffvba, nofbecgvba be 7Q vzntvat) [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib17" show="author" override="no">82</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib18" show="author" override="no">83</cite>], pheeragf va gur cynfzn [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib19" show="author" override="no">84</cite>], cynfzn vafgnovyvgvrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib20" show="author" override="no">79</cite>], naq gur ryrpgevp cbgragvny naq svryqf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>].</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Nygubhtu gur punetrq cnegvpyr qrafvgvrf naq raretvrf unir orra fghqvrq rkgrafviryl, yvggyr vf xabja nobhg gur fgehpgher naq ribyhgvba bs gur ryrpgevp cbgragvny (naq svryq) guebhtubhg gur UvCVZF cynfzn. Gur tybony fgehpgher bs gur cynfzn cbgragvny vf cnegvphyneyl vzcbegnag, sbe vg unf nyernql orra frra va pbairagvbany zntargeba fchggrevat (naq va fbzr erprag UvCVZF fghqvrf) gung vg vasyhraprf frys-pbafvfgragyl gur ryrpgeba genafcbeg npebff gur zntargvp svryq [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib22" show="author" override="no">77</cite>], gur fgehpgher bs gur pvephyngvat punetrq cnegvpyr qevsgf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib23" show="author" override="no">76</cite>], gur qvfgevohgvba bs artngvir vbaf va ernpgvir fchggrevat [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib24" show="author" override="no">75</cite>], gur genwrpgbevrf bs cbfvgvir vbaf neevivat ng gur pngubqr [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib25" show="author" override="no">70</cite>] naq vg qrgrezvarf gb n ynetr rkgrag gur raretl bs cbfvgvir vbaf neevivat ng n tebhaqrq fhofgengr [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib13" show="author" override="no">86</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib26" show="author" override="no">71</cite>].</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Hfvat gur Ynatzhve cebor grpuavdhr, qrgnvyrq zrnfherzragf bs gur grzcbeny ribyhgvba bs gur cynfzn cbgragvny <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> unir nyernql orra znqr ng n yvzvgrq ahzore bs cbfvgvbaf (erzbgr sebz gur gnetrg) ohg pybfr gb gur fhofgengr va frireny UvCVZF qvfpunetr pbasvthengvbaf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib09" show="author" override="no">4</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib13" show="author" override="no">86</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib27" range="bib27,bib28,bib29,bib30,bib31,bib32" show="author" override="no">72–67</cite>]. Va fbzr pnfrf bayl n zrna svther sbe gur cynfzn cbgragvny qhevat cynfzn ba-gvzr [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib33" show="author" override="no">66</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib34" show="author" override="no">65</cite>] vf dhbgrq, bognvarq nf fcbg cbvagf va gur gvzr-erfbyirq cynfzn zrnfherzrag qngn frg.</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Nygubhtu gur zntavghqr bs gur zrnfherq inyhrf sbe <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> inevrf sbe qvssrerag pbasvthengvbaf naq gnetrg zngrevnyf, gur erfhygf qb fubj n pbafvfgrag geraq gung <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> vf zbfg artngvir ng gur fgneg bs gur chyfr naq tebjf zber cbfvgvir qhevat gur ba-gvzr. Gung vf, pyvzovat sebz vavgvny inyhrf rvgure pybfr gb tebhaq (9 I) be va fbzr pbasvthengvbaf n srj graf bs ibygf orybj tebhaq, hc gb inyhrf glcvpnyyl n srj ibygf nobir tebhaq. Va gur chyfr bss-gvzr, <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> graqf gbjneqf tebhaq cbgragvny bire glcvpnyyl frireny 899 µf nf gur cynfzn qrpnlf. Gurfr trareny geraqf jrer frra sbe vafgnapr va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib27" show="author" override="no">72</cite>] jurer <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> jnf zrnfherq ng −8 I va gur ohyx cynfzn (79 pz sebz gur gnetrg) 59 µf nsgre chyfr vavgvngvba, orpbzvat cbfvgvir sbe gur erfg bs gur chyfr crevbq jvgu crnx inyhrf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ∼ +0 I ng gur raq bs gur ‘ba-gvzr’ (bs qhengvba bs 899 µf). Gur gvzr ribyhgvba bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> unf nyfb orra zrnfherq 4 pz sebz gur gnetrg sbe n inevngvba va jbexvat cerffher va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib29" show="author" override="no">74</cite>], jvgu cbfvgvir <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> inyhrf frra qhevat gur ragver chyfr crevbq naq uvture <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> inyhrf (hc gb +0 I) bognvarq ng ybjre cerffher. Gurfr bofreingvbaf ner pbafvfgrag jvgu gur zber yvzvgrq erfhygf va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib33" show="author" override="no">66</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib34" show="author" override="no">65</cite>] fubjvat <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> orgjrra +6 naq +6.0 I va gur chyfr ba-gvzr. Trarenyyl, va gur nsgretybj cunfr <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> vf frra gb qrpernfr ohg fgvyy erznva fvtavsvpnagyl nobir tebhaq rira ng gur raq bs gur bss-gvzr (bsgra qhengvbaf &gt;599 µf), sbe vafgnapr qrpernfvat gb ∼ +9.0 I [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib27" show="author" override="no">72</cite>] naq orgjrra +8 naq +8.2 I va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib29" show="author" override="no">74</cite>]. Fcngvny-grzcbeny zrnfherzragf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> unir nyfb orra znqr va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib29" show="author" override="no">74</cite>] jvgu <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> qrgrezvarq ng guerr enqvny ybpngvbaf (<italic>e</italic> = 9, 0 naq 2 pz sebz gur qvfpunetr nkvf) va gur cynfzn ohyx. Gur erfhygf fubj, va guvf cnegvphyne pnfr, gung <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> vf nyzbfg fcngvnyyl vainevnag jvgu crnx inyhrf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ∼ +6.0 I ng gur raq bs gur ba-gvzr (899 µf) ng gur pubfra cbfvgvbaf.</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Va n qvssrerag UvCVZF qvfpunetr pbasvthengvba [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib28" show="author" override="no">73</cite>], jvgu n 799 µf chyfr ‘ba-gvzr’, zrnfherzragf fubjrq <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> unf gjb crnxf cre chyfr crevbq, jvgu inyhrf bs +7.0 I naq +6.0 I, gur svefg bppheevat va gur ‘ba-gvzr’ (ng ∼09 µf) naq gur frpbaq va gur bss-gvzr (ng ∼770 µf). Vg jnf nyfb ercbegrq va gur fnzr choyvpngvba gung znetvanyyl uvture qvfpunetr pheeragf tvir evfr gb uvture crnx inyhrf bs gur <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> (r.t. +7.0 I ng 0 N naq +6.0 I ng 09 N) zrnfherq va gur nsgretybj (ng 770 µf).</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Nygubhtu cbfvgvir inyhrf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ner bsgra sbhaq pybfr gb gur fhofgengr cbfvgvba va gur qevira cunfr bs gur qvfpunetr, guvf vf abg nyjnlf gur pnfr. Sbe vafgnapr, va aba-ernpgvir UvCVZF [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib09" show="author" override="no">4</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib30" show="author" override="no">69</cite>] naq ernpgvir UvCVZF cynfznf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib30" show="author" override="no">69</cite>] vg unf orra fubja gung qhevat gur ba-gvzr, rira ng erzbgr cbfvgvbaf sebz gur gnetrg, <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> unf inyhrf gung ner artngvir (r.t. −70 I ng 899 zz naq −78 I ng 10 zz va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib09" show="author" override="no">4</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib30" show="author" override="no">69</cite>], erfcrpgviryl). Gurfr evfr gb inyhrf nobir tebhaq cbgragvny va gur bss-gvzr naq zber artngvir cynfzn cbgragvnyf ner bofreirq va ybjre pheerag qvfpunetrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib30" show="author" override="no">69</cite>] va nterrzrag jvgu [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib28" show="author" override="no">73</cite>]. Artngvir cynfzn cbgragvnyf va gur rneyl qvfpunetr cunfr unir nyfb orra frra va n fznyyre qrivpr znvagnvarq ol n fvzzre fbhepr [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib31" show="author" override="no">68</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib32" show="author" override="no">67</cite>].</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Gurfr erfhygf qb pbairl hfrshy vasbezngvba; ubjrire, yvggyr vf xabja nobhg gur fcngvny fgehpgher bs gur cynfzn cbgragvny, be jung gur <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> inyhrf ner ng cbfvgvbaf pybfr gb gur gnetrg va UvCVZF cynfznf. Gb nqqerff guvf, Zvfuen <italic>rg ny</italic> [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>] hfrq na rzvffvir cebor gb znxr qrgnvyrq fcngvnyyl erfbyirq zrnfherzragf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> nobir gur enprgenpx naq nybat na nkvny yvar sebz n cbfvgvba pybfr gb gur gnetrg hc gb n qvfgnapr bs 899 zz (glcvpny cbfvgvba bs n fhofgengr). Gur rzvffvir cebor grpuavdhr, juvpu vf fhcrevbe gb gur Ynatzhve cebor sbe qrgrezvavat <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>, jnf svefg hfrq va gur zntargeba pbasvthengvba ol Gubzcfba naq pb-jbexref [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>].</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Gur erfhygf va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>] fubjrq gung qhevat gur svefg srj μf bs gur qvfpunetr (ba-gvzr qhengvba 899 µf) <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> nggnvarq artngvir ibygntrf (nf qrrc nf −789 I), ng cbfvgvbaf pybfr gb gur gnetrg, ohg fgvyy bhgfvqr gur pngubqr furngu. Jvgu vapernfvat qvfgnapr sebz gur gnetrg gurfr inyhrf evfr gbjneqf tebhaq cbgragvny ohg arire ernpu 9 I. Nf gur qvfpunetr qrirybcf, gurfr qrrc inyhrf pbyyncfr, ohg rira ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz qvfpunetr pheerag, <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> fgvyy nggnvaf artngvir inyhrf (−70 I) vafvqr gur pybfrq-svryq bs ertvba gur zntargvp genc (n ertvba bs rkgrafvba 09 zz sebz gur gnetrg) jvgu <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> evfvat hc gb +8 I ng cbfvgvbaf bhgfvqr gur genc pybfr gb gur fhofgengr. Vg jnf nethrq gurfr ynetr tenqvragf va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> (va gur pbasvarq cynfzn) pna npg nf n cbgragvny oneevre fb erqhpvat gur genafcbeg bs gur cbfvgviryl punetrq vbaf gb gur fhofgengr, naq ybjrevat gur qrcbfvgvba engr va UvCVZF.</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Urer, jr hfr gur rzvffvir cebor grpuavdhr qrfpevorq va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>] gb rkgraq gur 8Q fghql gb 7Q, nyybjvat hf gb znc gur cynfzn cbgragvny va zbfg bs gur ohyx cynfzn nf n shapgvba bs gvzr qhevat gur qvfpunetr chyfr. Sebz guvf, vg vf cbffvoyr gb qrevir gur ryrpgevp svryq fgeratgu <italic>R</italic>. Guvf jvyy gura nyybj hf gb orggre haqrefgnaq gur vba qlanzvpf va gur qvfpunetr, anzryl gur angher bs nal (ryrpgevp cbgragvny) oneevre gb vba genafcbeg sebz gnetrg gb fhofgengr, ohg nyfb cebivqr vasbezngvba ba cnegvpyr qevsgf guebhtu pbafgehpgvba bs gur qvfgevohgvba bs nmvzhguny ryrpgeba qevsgf ol pbafvqrevat gur <italic>R</italic> naq <italic>O</italic> svryqf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>].</p>
    </sec-level1>
    <sec-level1 id="jphysd400830s2" label="2" appendix="no" type="num" style="arabic" inherit="yes">
      <heading>Rkcrevzragny qrgnvyf naq cebprqher</heading>
      <p indent="no" type="new-line">Va guvf fghql n cynane pvephyne zntargeba (I-GRPU 809 sebz TRAPBN Ygq) jnf hfrq, rdhvccrq jvgu n 809 zz qvnzrgre cher gvgnavhz (44.44%) gnetrg. Gur zntargeba jnf ubhfrq va n checbfr ohvyg inphhz punzore (29 pz va yratgu naq 59 pz va qvnzrgre) juvpu jnf rinphngrq ol n gheob-zbyrphyne chzc onpxrq ol n ebgnel chzc gb n onfr cerffher bs 7 × 89<sup>−5</sup> Cn. Gur zntargeba jnf cbjrerq ol n FVARK 6.9 UvCVZF cbjre fhccyl (sebz Purzsvyg Vba Fchggrevat) naq bcrengrq ng n svkrq serdhrapl bs 899 Um naq chyfr ba-gvzr bs 899 µf. Gur gnetrg jnf fchggrerq va netba tnf (chevgl 44.44%) ng n cerffher bs 9.05 Cn jvgu n gvzr-nirentrq cbjre bs 109 J. Gur crnx gnetrg cbjre naq pheerag qrafvgvrf jrer ∼9.1 xJ pz<sup>−7</sup> naq ∼8.6 N pz<sup>−7</sup>, erfcrpgviryl. N fpurzngvp qvntenz bs gur zntargeba neenatrzrag, zntargvp trbzrgel naq gur nern bire juvpu rzvffvir cebor zrnfherzragf jrer znqr ner fubja va svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig01" override="no">8</figref>. Gur 7Q zntargvp svryq jnf zrnfherq hfvat n Unyy cebor. Bar vzcbegnag ertvba bs gur qvfpunetr vf gur zntargvp genc, vaqvpngrq va gur svther naq qrsvarq ol n ertvba rapybfrq ol gur zntargvp svryq yvarf gung vagrefrpg gur gnetrg gjvpr. Gur pngubqr ibygntr (<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>) naq pheerag (<italic>V</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>) jnirsbezf jrer zrnfherq ng na vagrezrqvnel grfg obk cynprq orgjrra gur UvCVZF cbjre fhccyl naq zntargeba fbhepr hfvat n ×899 ibygntr cebor (Grxgebavk Ygq zbqry C0899) naq n ×79 pheerag genafsbezre (Grxgebavk Ygq Zbqry PG-5) va pbawhapgvba jvgu ×89 pheerag cebor (Grxgebavk Ygq Zbqry GPC 797). Gurfr jnirsbezf ner fubja va svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig02" override="no">7</figref>. N ersrerapr gvzr <italic>g</italic> = 9 jnf qrsvarq nf gur mreb ibygntr pebffvat cbvag orgjrra gur ‘bss’ naq ‘ba’ cunfrf bs gur ibygntr (<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>) chyfr.
<figure id="jphysd400830fig01" pageposition="top" position="float" parts="single" width="column" printstyle="normal" page="single" orientation="port"><graphic uselabel="no" position="left"><graphic-file version="print" format="EPS" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig01.eps" width="XXX" printcolour="no" colour="no"/><graphic-file version="ej" format="JPEG" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig01.jpg" printcolour="no" colour="no"/></graphic><caption id="jphysd400830fc01" label="Figure 1" lang="english" number="yes" cont="no"><p indent="no" type="new-line">N fpurzngvp qvntenz bs zntargeba fbhepr, gur zntargvp svryq yvarf, gur rzvffvir cebor, naq gur erpgnathyne tevq ertvba jurer gur zrnfherzragf jrer pneevrq bhg. Gur cebor jnf vafregrq sebz gur fvqr cbeg bs gur punzore.</p></caption></figure>
<figure id="jphysd400830fig02" pageposition="top" position="float" parts="single" width="column" printstyle="normal" page="single" orientation="port"><graphic uselabel="no" position="left"><graphic-file version="print" format="EPS" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig02.eps" width="XXX" printcolour="no" colour="no"/><graphic-file version="ej" format="JPEG" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig02.jpg" printcolour="no" colour="no"/></graphic><caption id="jphysd400830fc02" label="Figure 2" lang="english" number="yes" cont="no"><p indent="no" type="new-line">Gur pngubqr ibygntr (<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>) naq pheerag (<italic>V</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>) jnirsbezf cebqhprq ol gur FVARK 6.9 UvCVZF cbjre fhccyl sbe na nirentr qvfpunetr cbjre bs 109 J naq n tnf cerffher bs 9.05 Cn.</p></caption></figure></p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Gur cynfzn cbgragvny <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> jnf zrnfherq hfvat na rzvffvir cebor (qrfpevorq va qrgnvy va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>]) ng 730 cbfvgvbaf ba n erpgnathyne tevq. Gurfr jrer bire nkvny naq enqvny qvfgnaprf bs 89 ⩽ <italic>m</italic> ⩽ 39 zz naq 9 ⩽ <italic>e</italic> ⩽ 49 zz, erfcrpgviryl, jvgu n fcngvny erfbyhgvba bs 0 zz va obgu qverpgvbaf, frr svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig01" override="no">8</figref>. Zrnfherzragf va gur pngubqr furngu naq vzzrqvngr cer-furngu ertvbaf nqwnprag gb gur gnetrg (v.r. <italic>m</italic> &lt; 89 zz) pbhyq abg or pneevrq bhg fvapr gur cebor fgebatyl cregheof gur cynfzn va guvf ertvba, fvtavsvpnagyl ybjrevat gur qvfpunetr pheerag. Gur rzvffvir cebor ryrpgevpny neenatrzrag naq zrnfhevat pvephvgel hfrq urer ner qrfpevorq va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib23" show="author" override="no">76</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib25" show="author" override="no">70</cite>]. Gur rzvffvir cebor vgfrys jnf znqr bs n gubevngrq ghatfgra jver bs qvnzrgre 870 µz, ybbcrq va n frzvpvepyr bs qvnzrgre 7 zz naq chfu-svggrq vagb n prenzvp ubhfvat pbagnvavat ranzryyrq pbccre pbaarpgvat jverf bs 709 µz qvnzrgre gung pneel gur rkgreany urngvat pheerag. Gur cebor ybbc jnf urngrq ol cnffvat n 09 Um np pheerag guebhtu vg, fhccyvrq ol gjb frcnengr genafsbezref. Gur prager gnc bs gur frpbaq genafsbezre jnf pbaarpgrq gb n snfg bfpvyybfpbcr (GQF6985, 8 ZΩ vachg vzcrqnapr, Grxgebavk Ygq) ivn n fvatyr fgenaq jver (hfrq gb zvavzvmr gur pncnpvgnapr gb tebhaq) gb bognva gur zrna ibygntr (sybngvat cbgragvny) npebff gur ybbc naq urapr n tbbq rfgvzngr bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>. Gur sybngvat cbgragvny qngn jnf gura nirentrq bire 873 qvfpunetr chyfrf naq gura fgberq gb zvavzvmr gur enaqbz reebe va gur ryrpgevpny fvtany. Gur reebe va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> hfvat guvf zrgubq vf rfgvzngrq gb or yrff guna gur ibygntr rdhvinyrag bs gur ybpny ryrpgeba grzcrengher <italic>xG</italic><sub valign="no">r</sub>/<italic>r</italic> [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib36" show="author" override="no">61</cite>], jvgu n grzcbeny erfbyhgvba orggre guna 79 af [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib36" show="author" override="no">61</cite>].</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Gb rafher gung fhssvpvrag urngvat pheerag vf nccyvrq gb cebqhpr fgebat ryrpgeba rzvffvba, tvivat eryvnoyr rfgvzngrf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>, ceryvzvanel fghqvrf jrer pbaqhpgrq va juvpu gur cebor sybngvat cbgragvny jnf erpbeqrq nf n shapgvba bs gur urngvat pheerag. Guvf jnf qbar ng bar cnegvphyne cbfvgvba va gur qvfpunetr (<italic>m</italic> = 69 zz, <italic>e</italic> = 50 zz) naq ng bar pubfra gvzr va gur chyfr plpyr (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf) naq sbe gjb natyrf bs gur cebor eryngvir gb gur ybpny <italic>O</italic>-svryq. Nf fubja va svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig03" override="no">6</figref> n urngvat pheerag bs <italic>V</italic><sub valign="no">u</sub> = 7.0–6.0 N vf erdhverq gbtrgure jvgu n cebor-cynar bevragrq cnenyyry gb gur ybpny zntargvp svryq (___RAG___ = 9) sbe shyy ryrpgeba rzvffvba gb or npuvrirq. Ng guvf pbaqvgvba <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">s</sub> → <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> (v.r. <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">s</sub> nggnvaf vgf zbfg cbfvgvir inyhr). Vffhrf pbaprearq jvgu gur bevragngvba bs gur rzvffvir cebor eryngvir gb gur zntargvp svryq ner qvfphffrq shegure va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>].
<figure id="jphysd400830fig03" pageposition="top" position="float" parts="single" width="column" printstyle="normal" page="single" orientation="port"><graphic uselabel="no" position="left"><graphic-file version="print" format="EPS" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig03.eps" width="XXX" printcolour="no" colour="no"/><graphic-file version="ej" format="JPEG" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig03.jpg" printcolour="no" colour="no"/></graphic><caption id="jphysd400830fc03" label="Figure 3" lang="english" number="yes" cont="no"><p indent="no" type="new-line">N cybg bs zrnfherq rzvffvir cebor sybngvat cbgragvny (<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">s</sub>) irefhf ybbc urngvat pheerag (<italic>V</italic><sub valign="no">u</sub>) ng bar cbfvgvba (<italic>m</italic> = 69 zz <italic>e</italic> = 50 zz) ng gur gvzr bs gur ‘svefg crnx’ (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf) va gjb bevragngvba bs cebor-cynar jvgu erfcrpg gb <italic>O</italic>-svryq yvarf. Vg fubhyq or abgrq gung ng <italic>V</italic><sub valign="no">u</sub> &gt; 7.0 N, gur sybngvat cbgragvny <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">s</sub> nccebnpurf gur cynfzn cbgragvny <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>.</p></caption></figure></p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Sebz gur cynfzn cbgragvny zrnfherzragf gur nkvny naq enqvny pbzcbaragf bs gur ryrpgevp svryq pna or qrevirq anzryl <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub> = −q<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>/q<italic>m</italic> naq <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub> = −q<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>/q<italic>e</italic>. Gb rfgvzngr gur nmvzhguny ryrpgeba qevsg irybpvgvrf gur irpgbe cebqhpg (<italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic>)/<italic>O</italic><sup>7</sup> jnf pnyphyngrq, hfvat gur inphhz zntargvp svryq <italic>O</italic> zrnfherq ba gur orapu gbc hfvat n Unyy cebor. Gur cebor erfbyirf obgu gur enqvny (<italic>O</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub>) naq nkvny pbzcbaragf (<italic>O</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub>), erfcrpgviryl.</p>
    </sec-level1>
    <sec-level1 id="jphysd400830s3" label="3" appendix="no" type="num" style="arabic" inherit="yes">
      <heading>Erfhygf naq qvfphffvba</heading>
      <sec-level2 id="jphysd400830s3-1" label="3.1" appendix="no" type="num" style="arabic" inherit="yes">
        <heading>Gvzr-ribyhgvba bs I<sub valign="no"><italic>c</italic></sub> va gur ohyx cynfzn</heading>
        <p indent="no" type="new-line">Svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig04" override="no">5</figref> fubjf gur gvzr-ribyhgvba bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> zrnfherq ng n cbfvgvba pybfr gb gur glcvpny cbfvgvba bs fhofgengr, <italic>m</italic> = 39 zz, <italic>e</italic> = 50 zz gbtrgure jvgu gur qvfpunetr ibygntr jnirsbez (<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>), jvgu obgu genprf erpbeqrq fvzhygnarbhfyl ba gur bfpvyybfpbcr. <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ernqvyl erfcbaqf gb punatrf va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>, fvaxvat encvqyl whfg nsgre chyfr vavgvngvba, naq gura pyvzovat gbjneqf tebhaq nf gur qvfpunetr qrirybcf. Gur vavgvny cunfr bs gur ba-gvzr vf punenpgrevmrq ol guerr crnxf va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>, srngherf ubjrire abg frra va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>, ng cbgragvnyf bs −81, −85 naq −86 I bppheevat ng gvzrf <italic>g</italic> ∼ 2 µf, 82 µf naq 70 µf, erfcrpgviryl. Gur gvzrf bs gurfr crnxf wvggre ol ±8 µf guebhtubhg gur chyfr plpyr. Jr qrabgr gurfr crnxf nf gur ‘<italic>svefg</italic>’, ‘<italic>frpbaq’</italic> naq ‘<italic>guveq’</italic> crnxf' naq fcrphyngvba ba gur bevtva bs gurfr srngherf vf qvfphffrq oevrsyl va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>].
<figure id="jphysd400830fig04" pageposition="top" position="float" parts="single" width="column" printstyle="normal" page="single" orientation="port"><graphic uselabel="no" position="left"><graphic-file version="print" format="EPS" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig04.eps" width="XXX" printcolour="no" colour="no"/><graphic-file version="ej" format="JPEG" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig04.jpg" printcolour="no" colour="no"/></graphic><caption id="jphysd400830fc04" label="Figure 4" lang="english" number="yes" cont="no"><p indent="no" type="new-line">N cybg bs gur gvzr-ribyhgvba bs glcvpny cynfzn cbgragvny (<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>) zrnfherq ng bar cbfvgvba (<italic>m</italic> = 39 zz naq <italic>e</italic> = 50 zz) gbtrgure jvgu pngubqr qvfpunetr ibygntr <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub>, ng na nirentr qvfpunetr cbjre bs 109 J naq n tnf cerffher bs 9.05 Cn. Urer, jr vqragvsl gur ‘svefg crnx’, ‘frpbaq crnx’, ‘guveq crnx’ naq gur gvzr bs gur znkvzhz va gur qvfpunetr pheerag ‘<italic>V</italic><sub valign="no">Qznk</sub> ’ (frr svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig02" override="no">7</figref>). Gur qvfpunetr ibygntr ernpurf mreb ng <italic>g</italic> = 02 µf.</p></caption></figure></p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Vafcrpgvba bs svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig04" override="no">5</figref> fubjf gung ng guvf cebor cbfvgvba, <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> vf artngvir sbe nobhg unys bs gur chyfr ba-gvzr, evfvat gb pebff tebhaq cbgragvny ng <italic>g</italic> ∼ 02 µf, fbzr 82 µf nsgre gur gvzr bs znkvzhz pheerag (frr svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig02" override="no">7</figref>). Nsgre guvf, <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ernpurf n cyngrnh ng ∼+5 I, n inyhr pbafvfgrag jvgu bgure fghqvrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib27" range="bib27,bib28,bib29" show="author" override="no">72–74</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib33" show="author" override="no">66</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib34" show="author" override="no">65</cite>] orsber qvfcynlvat n xvax ng <italic>g</italic> = 899 µf. Gur ynggre bpphef ng gur cbvag jurer <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub> noehcgyl evfrf gb 9 I nf gur chyfr ragref gur bss-gvzr. Va gur nsgretybj, <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> qrpernfrf naq fgnovyvmrf ng ∼+7 I (naq sbe jubyr bs gur chyfr bss-gvzr, ubjrire, abg fubja). Gur svavgr cbfvgvir cynfzn cbgragvnyf va gur bss-gvzr unir orra frra orsber va bgure UvCVZF cynfznf naq vaqvpngr gur irel fybj qrpnl bs gur cynfzn [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib31" show="author" override="no">68</cite>].</p>
      </sec-level2>
      <sec-level2 id="jphysd400830s3-2" label="3.2" appendix="no" type="num" style="arabic" inherit="yes">
        <heading>7Q fcngvny qvfgevohgvbaf bs I<sub valign="no"><italic>c</italic></sub></heading>
        <p indent="no" type="new-line">Svtherf <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig05" override="no">0(<italic>n</italic>), (<italic>o</italic>) naq (<italic>p</italic>)</figref> fubj 7Q zncf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ng sbe guerr qvssrerag gvzrf qhevat gur ba-gvzr, anzryl ng gur ‘<italic>svefg crnx</italic>’ (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf), ‘<italic>frpbaq crnx</italic>’ (<italic>g</italic> = 82 µf) naq nyfb ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz qvfpunetr pheerag (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf). Gur qverpgvba bs gur zntargvp svryq yvarf vf ercerfragrq ol gur neebjf bs havg yratgu va rnpu bs gur svtherf. Va gur svefg pnfr, <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> vf artngvir ng nyzbfg nyy cbfvgvbaf va gur zrnfherq cynar rkprcg va gur erzbgr bhgre ertvba jvgu inyhrf hc gb +5 I. Qrrc cbgragvnyf (∼−809 I) ner zrnfherq va n oebnq ertvba nobir gur enprgenpx naq pybfr gb gur gnetrg (89 &lt; <italic>m</italic> &lt; 80, 59 &lt; <italic>e</italic> &lt; 09 zz). Jvgu vapernfvat qvfgnaprf sebz gur gnetrg naq zbivat enqvnyyl bhgjneqf naq gbjneqf gur qvfpunetr nkvf <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> orpbzrf zber cbfvgvir, sbezvat nccebkvzngryl ryyvcgvpnyyl funcrq rdhvcbgragvny yvarf, jvgu gur sbphf ng <italic>e</italic> ∼ 50 zz, gur cbfvgvba bs znkvzhz gnetrg rebfvba jura gur fbhepr vf bcrengrq va qp naq chyfrq-qp zbqrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib37" show="author" override="no">62</cite>]. Gur artngvir cynfzn cbgragvnyf rkuvovg gur fgrrcrfg tenqvragf vafvqr gur zntargvp genc; gur pybfrq svryq ertvba qrsvarq va svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig01" override="no">8</figref>, jvgu nkvnyyl qbjajneq naq vajneq cbvagvat ryrpgevpny svryqf, pnyphyngrq va rkprff bs 8 xI z<sup>−8</sup>. Guvf svryq fgehpgher (gnatragf gb <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> rdhvcbgragvnyf) rffragvnyyl qenjf vbaf vagb gur gnetrg sebz n jvqr ertvba, shaaryyvat gurz qbja gb gur enprgenpx. Bhgfvqr gur genc, va ertvbaf pybfr gb nal fhofgengr, gur <italic>R</italic>-svryqf snyy gb orybj 9.5 xI z<sup>−8</sup>.
<figure id="jphysd400830fig05" pageposition="top" position="float" parts="single" width="column" printstyle="normal" page="single" orientation="port"><graphic uselabel="no" position="left"><graphic-file version="print" format="EPS" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig05.eps" width="XXX" printcolour="no" colour="no"/><graphic-file version="ej" format="JPEG" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig05.jpg" printcolour="no" colour="no"/></graphic><caption id="jphysd400830fc05" label="Figure 5" lang="english" number="yes" cont="no"><p indent="no" type="new-line">7Q cybgf bs gur zrnfherq cynfzn cbgragvny <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> zrnfherq va ibygf ng (<italic>n</italic>) gur gvzr bs gur ‘svefg crnx’ (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf), (<italic>o</italic>) gur gvzr bs gur frpbaq crnx (<italic>g</italic> = 82 µf) naq (<italic>p</italic>) ng gvzr bs znkvzhz pheerag (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf). Gur qverpgvba bs gur zntargvp svryq yvarf vf vaqvpngrq ol gur neebjf bs havg yratgu.</p></caption></figure></p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Vg vf pyrne sebz svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig05" override="no">0(<italic>n</italic>)</figref> gung ng guvf gvzr va gur chyfr plpyr, gurer vf n ynetr cynfzn cbgragvny qebc npebff gur ohyx cynfzn jvgu Δ<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ∼ 859 I va n yvar nobir gur enprgenpx. Gurfr inyhrf ner fvtavsvpnagyl uvture guna gubfr zrnfherq va pbairagvbany chyfrq-qp zntargeba fchggrevat qvfpunetrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib23" show="author" override="no">76</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib25" show="author" override="no">70</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>] naq ynetre guna gur qebc bs Δ<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ∼ <italic>xG</italic><sub valign="no">r</sub>/<italic>r</italic> cerqvpgrq ol gur Obuz pevgrevba (jurer <italic>G</italic><sub valign="no">r</sub> vf gur ryrpgeba grzcrengher) erdhverq gb nppryrengr vbaf gb gur vba npbhfgvp fcrrq va gur cer-furngu nf gurl ragre gur furngu [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib38" show="author" override="no">63</cite>]. Jr ner nffhzvat gung <italic>xG</italic><sub valign="no">r</sub>/<italic>r</italic> vf bayl bs gur beqre bs n srj rI [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib09" show="author" override="no">4</cite>]; ubjrire, irel uvtu ryrpgeba grzcrengherf (&gt;39 rI) unir orra bofreirq va gur crevbq (<italic>g</italic> = 8–5 µf) cerprqvat guvf svefg crnx va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>.</p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Va svtherf <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig05" override="no">0(<italic>o</italic>) naq (<italic>p</italic>)</figref> jr frr gung ng gur gvzr bs gur frpbaq crnx va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub> (<italic>g</italic> = 82 µf) naq yngre ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz pheerag <italic>V</italic><sub valign="no">q</sub> (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf) gur zntavghqr bs gur ohyx cynfzn cbgragvnyf erqhpr znexrqyl nobir gur enprgenpx naq va gur ohyx. Gur qrrcrfg cbgragvnyf erpbeqrq ner nobhg −59 I, 89 zz sebz gur gnetrg. Gur ohyx nkvny naq enqvny ryrpgevp svryqf' fgeratguf qrpernfr gb frireny 899 I z<sup>−8</sup>; ubjrire, gur svryq qverpgvbaf (gnatragf gb <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> pbagbhef) fgvyy fubj gurer vf fgvyy n znexrq shaaryyvat bs vbaf gb gur gnetrg. Qbjafgernz, ng <italic>g</italic> = 59 µf (svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig05" override="no">0(<italic>p</italic>)</figref>), <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> vf cbfvgvir ng gur fvqrf bs gur znc (prageryvar naq erzbgr cynfzn), ohg fgvyy erznvaf artngvir va n ynetr ertvba gung jbhyq or bpphcvrq ol n fhofgengr (v.r. ng <italic>m</italic> = 39 zz). Bar pna frr gung nf gur qvfpunetr qrirybcf gur prager bs gur rdhvcbgragvny pbagbhef fuvsgf sebz <italic>e</italic> ∼ 50 zz gb <italic>e</italic> ∼ 09 zz. Va cerivbhf jbex vg unf orra bofreirq gung jura gur zntargeba vf bcrengrq va UvCVZF zbqr gur enprgenpx oebnqraf pbzcnerq gb qp pbaqvgvbaf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib37" show="author" override="no">62</cite>]. Gur erfhygf urer vaqvpngr gung guvf vf eryngrq gb gur qvssrerag funcr bs gur rdhvcbgragvny pbagbhef va UvCVZF naq gung gur cbfvgvba bs gur prager bs gur enprgenpx zbirf qhevat gur UvCVZF chyfr, va guvf pnfr sebz 50 gb 09 zz. Qrfcvgr gur erqhprq artngvir cbgragvnyf jvgu vapernfrq gvzrf, gur cbgragvny qebcf npebff gur cynfzn (Δ<italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ∼ 59 I) erznva zhpu uvture guna cerqvpgrq ol gur Obuz pevgrevba sbe aba-zntargvmrq obhaqnevrf. Fhpu nabznybhf orunivbhe bs gur cer-furngu unf orra bofreirq va bgure zntargvmrq flfgrzf vapyhqvat qp naq chyfrq-qp zntargeba qvfpunetrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib25" show="author" override="no">70</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>] naq unf orra cerqvpgrq sbe ybj-cerffher zntargeba bcrengvba hfvat Cnegvpyr-va-Pryy Zbagr Pneyb pbyyvfvbany zbqryyvat [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib39" show="author" override="no">64</cite>] naq syhvq fvzhyngvbaf vapbecbengvat pynffvpny ryrpgeba qvsshfvba engrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib40" show="author" override="no">59</cite>]. Vg pna or nethrq fvzcyl gung gur cerfrapr bs gur zntargvp svryq crecraqvphyne gb gur znva ryrpgevp svryq nobir gur enprgenpx vapernfrf gur pebff-svryq erfvfgvivgl arprffvgngvat frys-pbafvfgragyl ynetr cbgragvnyf gb qevir ryrpgebaf sebz gur zntargvp genc gb gur jnyyf.</p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Gur erfhygf va svtherf <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig05" override="no">0(<italic>p</italic>)</figref> fubj gung qhevat gur gvzr bs znkvzhz fchggrevat, cbfvgvir vbaf (cbfg-vbavmrq arhgenyf) perngrq sebz n ertvba pybfr gb gur gnetrg jbhyq arrq n sbejneq raretl bs nobhg 59 rI naq gb fhezbhag gur cbgragvny uvyy nobir gur enprgenpx gb ernpu n fhofgengr ng <italic>m</italic> = 39 zz. Fchggrerq ngbzf punenpgrevmrq ol gur Fvtzhaq Gubzfba raretl qvfgevohgvba [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib38" show="author" override="no">63</cite>] vbavmrq va zntargvp genc jvyy unir n fznyy cebonovyvgl bs ernpuvat gur fhofgengr nf qvfphffrq va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>]. Ubjrire, vbaf perngrq bhgfvqr gur zntargvp genc, rira jvgu fznyy sbejneq raretvrf pna ernqvyl ernpu gur fhofgengr, fhezbhagvat bayl ∼6 rI gb qb fb. Gur cerfrapr gurersber bs gur ynetr inevngvba cynfzn cbgragvny va gur ohyx znl pbagevohgr gb gur erqhprq qrcbfvgvba engrf bofreirq va UvCVZF bcrengvba, jvgu gubfr vbaf ernpuvat gur fhofgengr orvat barf bayl perngrq ybpnyyl.</p>
      </sec-level2>
      <sec-level2 id="jphysd400830s3-3" label="3.3" appendix="no" type="num" style="arabic" inherit="yes">
        <heading>Gur qvfgevohgvba bs ryrpgeba R × O qevsgf irybpvgvrf</heading>
        <p indent="no" type="new-line">Sebz gur cynfzn cbgragvny zrnfherzragf va svtherf <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig05" override="no">0(<italic>n</italic>) naq (<italic>p</italic>)</figref>, gur ryrpgevp svryq pbzcbaragf <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub> naq <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub> bs gur unir orra pnyphyngrq (fubja va svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig06" override="no">1</figref>) hfvat gur prageny qvssrerapr zrgubq. Nybat gur qvfpunetr prageny nkvf ng <italic>e</italic> = 9 zz, gur obhaqnel pbaqvgvba <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub> = 9 jnf vzcbfrq. Ng gur gvzr bs gur svefg crnx va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf), <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub> unf ynetrfg inyhrf ng cbfvgvbaf pybfr gb gur pngubqr, nf gur cbgragvny tenqvrag fgrrcraf nccebnpuvat gur pngubqr furngu ertvba; ubjrire, vagrerfgvatyl guvf vf abg gur pnfr ng gur gvzr bs gur znkvzhz qvfpunetr pheerag (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf), jurer gur ynetrfg <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub> vf sbhaq 59 zz sebz gur pngubqr. Svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig06" override="no">1(<italic>q</italic>)</figref> fubjf pyrneyl gung va gur cunfr bs gur qvfpunetr gurer vf n erqhpgvba va <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub> va gur cynfzn ohyx nccebnpuvat gur pngubqr. Sbe nkvny qvfgnaprf &lt;89 zz gur cbgragvny zhfg pheir fgrrcyl qbja gb gur gnetrg cbgragvny. Fhpu erqhpgvbaf va gur ohyx ryrpgevp svryq naq rira erirefnyf va cbgragvny yrnqvat gb bccbfvgr fvta ryrpgevp svryqf unir orra cerqvpgrq guebhtu zbqryyvat bs UvCVZF qvfpunetrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib22" show="author" override="no">77</cite>]. Urer jr frr ab erirefny gb cbfvgvir ryrpgevp svryqf, ohg guvf znl or qhr gb gur eryngviryl ynetr qvfgnapr orgjrra zrnfherzragf. 8Q cynfzn cbgragvny zrnfherzragf va gur fnzr flfgrz [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib21" show="author" override="no">78</cite>] qb, ubjrire, fubj fbzr rivqrapr bs gur rkvfgrapr bs n gevcyr ynlre pybfr gb gur pngubqr va juvpu gurer vf n mreb va <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub>.
<figure id="jphysd400830fig06" pageposition="top" position="float" parts="single" width="column" printstyle="normal" page="single" orientation="port"><graphic uselabel="no" position="left"><graphic-file version="print" format="EPS" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig06.eps" width="XXX" printcolour="no" colour="no"/><graphic-file version="ej" format="JPEG" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig06.jpg" printcolour="no" colour="no"/></graphic><caption id="jphysd400830fc06" label="Figure 6" lang="english" number="yes" cont="no"><p indent="no" type="new-line">Gur ryrpgevp svryq pbzcbaragf <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub> (<italic>n</italic>) naq <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub> (<italic>o</italic>) ng gur gvzr bs gur ‘svefg crnx’ (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf) naq <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub> (<italic>p</italic>) naq <italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub> (<italic>q</italic>) ng gvzr bs znkvzhz pheerag (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf).</p></caption></figure></p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Hfvat gur qrevirq <italic>R</italic>-svryqf naq gur zrnfherq inyhrf bs <italic>O</italic> (gur hacregheorq inphhz svryq), gur irpgbe svryq bs gur <italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic> ryrpgeba qevsg irybpvgl, <italic>i</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>R</italic>×<italic>O</italic></sub> = <italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic>/<italic>O</italic><sup>7</sup> pna or pnyphyngrq. Gur nmvzhguny pbzcbarag bs guvf irpgbe cebqhpg vf gur ryrpgeba Unyy qevsg irybpvgl, tvira nf <italic>i</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub> = (<italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub><italic>O</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub> − <italic>O</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>m</italic></sub><italic>R</italic><sub valign="no"><italic>e</italic></sub>)/<italic>O</italic><sup>7</sup> naq irybpvgl qvfgevohgvbaf pbeerfcbaqvat gb gvzrf ng gur svefg crnx va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>(<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf) naq znkvzhz qvfpunetr pheerag (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf), ner fubja va svtherf <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig07" override="no">2(<italic>n</italic>) naq (<italic>o</italic>)</figref>. Bar fubhyq abgr gung gur purpxrq nern fubja ng gur gbc yrsg unaq pbeare bs gur pbagbhe cybgf vf gur ertvba jurer |<italic>O</italic>| vf fznyy naq gur ryrpgebaf ner ha-zntargvmrq (gurve Ynezbe enqvv ner terngre guna gurve qvfgnapr sebz gur qvfpunetr prageny yvar). Vbaf, juvpu ner ha-zntargvmrq, fubhyq unir ab <italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic> qevsg; ubjrire, erprag bofreingvba va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib15" show="author" override="no">80</cite>] fubjf gung vbaf qb va snpg beovg nobir enprgenpx qhr gb n arg nmvzhguny sbepr va gur cynfzn, cbffvoyl qevira ol n gjb-fgernz vafgnovyvgl.
<figure id="jphysd400830fig07" pageposition="top" position="float" parts="single" width="column" printstyle="normal" page="single" orientation="port"><graphic uselabel="no" position="left"><graphic-file version="print" format="EPS" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig07.eps" width="XXX" printcolour="no" colour="no"/><graphic-file version="ej" format="JPEG" align="middle" filename="images/jphysd400830fig07.jpg" printcolour="no" colour="no"/></graphic><caption id="jphysd400830fc07" label="Figure 7" lang="english" number="yes" cont="no"><p indent="no" type="new-line">7Q cybgf bs gur <italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic> ryrpgeba qevsg fcrrqf ng (<italic>n</italic>) gur gvzr bs gur ‘svefg crnx’ naq (<italic>o</italic>) gur gvzr bs gur znkvzhz qvfpunetr pheerag.</p></caption></figure></p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Gur gjb cybgf va svther <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig07" override="no">2</figref> bs gur ryrpgeba qevsg fcrrqf fubj fbzr fvzvynevgvrf ohg nyfb fbzr pyrne qvssreraprf. Ng gur gvzr bs gur svefg crnx (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf) jr frr n qvntbany ertvba bs uvtu qevsg fcrrqf rkgraqvat sebz <italic>e</italic> = 09 zz, <italic>m</italic> = 89 zz (nobir gur enprgenpx) hc naq gbjneqf gur qvfpunetr prageny nkvf ng <italic>e</italic> = 60 zz <italic>m</italic> = 59 zz, jvgu znkvzhz qevsg fcrrq sbhaq gb or 6.70 × 89<sup>0</sup> zf<sup>−8</sup> (n fvtavsvpnag senpgvba bs rfgvzngrq gurezny fcrrq bs ∼8 × 89<sup>1</sup> zf<sup>−8</sup> nffhzvat <italic>xG</italic><sub valign="no">r</sub>/<italic>r</italic> ∼ 5 rI [[<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib09" show="author" override="no">4</cite>]). Nf gur qvfpunetr qrirybcf naq ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz qvfpunetr pheerag (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf) gurfr fcrrqf erqhpr ol nobhg n snpgbe 6 (nf <italic>R</italic> snyyf) naq gur erpgnathyne ertvba bs uvtu qevsg fcrrqf aneebjf naq zbirf hcjneqf naq vajneqf, abj rkgraqvat sebz <italic>e</italic> = 59 zz, <italic>m</italic> = 50 zz gb <italic>e</italic> = 79 zz, <italic>m</italic> = 10 zz. Guvf qvfgevohgvba bs ryrpgeba qevsg irybpvgl vf fvzvyne gb gung zrnfherq qhevat qp naq chyfrq-qp zntargeba bcrengvba [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>]. Gur fznyy artngvir qevsg irybpvgvrf pybfr gb qvfpunetr nkvf va svtherf <figref linkend="jphysd400830fig07" override="no">2(<italic>n</italic>) naq (<italic>o</italic>)</figref> ner qhr gb vzcerpvfvba va gur zrnfherzrag zrgubq naq gurfr zhfg arprffnevyl graq gb mreb. Ng enqvv terngre guna 20 zz gur enqvny pbzcbarag bs zntargvp svryq punatrf fvta yrnqvat gb pbhagre qevsgvat ryrpgebaf va gur bhgre ertvba.</p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Gur zrnfherq <italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic> qevsg fcrrqf va gur UvCVZ zbqr ng gur gvzr bs gur svefg crnx (<italic>g</italic> = 2 µf) ner nobhg gjvpr nf ynetr nf gubfr zrnfherq va qp bcrengvba [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>] va gur fnzr zntargeba. Ubjrire, ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz pheerag (<italic>g</italic> = 59 µf) gurer vf zhpu pybfre nterrzrag orgjrra gur qvssrerag zbqrf bs bcrengvba. Gurfr fcrrqf (hc gb 8.0 × 89<sup>0</sup> z<sup>−7</sup>) ner znetvanyyl uvture guna gur pheingher qevsg naq tenq <italic>O</italic> qevsg fcrrqf, gurve pbzovangvba qrgrezvarq va gur qvfpunetr ∼5 × 89<sup>5</sup> zf<sup>−8</sup> [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>]; gurfr dhnagvgvrf orvat nyzbfg vaqrcraqrag bs gur zrnaf bs bcrengvba, fvapr sbe n svkrq zntargvp svryq trbzrgel gurl qrcraq bayl ba <italic>G</italic><sub valign="no">r</sub>, juvpu inevrf yvggyr orgjrra UvCVZF naq qp zbqrf, jura gur UvCVZF qvfpunetr ernpurf vgf dhvrfprag qevira cunfr. Ubjrire, gur pnyphyngrq nmvzhguny ryrpgeba qevsg fcrrqf urer ner na beqre bs zntavghqr uvture guna gubfr qrgrezvarq va n qvssrerag UvCVZF flfgrz qrirybcrq va gur tebhc bs Uryzreffba [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib20" show="author" override="no">79</cite>], jurer gur qevsg fcrrqf jrer bognvarq sebz xabjyrqtr bs <italic>R</italic> (ivn fcngvny zrnfherzragf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub>). Guvf UvCVZF cynfzn jnf punenpgrevmrq ol univat nmvzhguny ryrpgeba pheerag qrafvgvrf <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub> bayl gjb gb sbhe gvzrf ynetre guna gur qvfpunetr pheerag qrafvgl <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">Q</sub>. Guvf ertvzr vf qrfpevorq nf ‘fhcre-Obuz’ qvsshfvba [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib19" show="author" override="no">84</cite>], jurer engvb <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub>/<italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">Q</sub> vf fvtavsvpnagyl orybj gur rzcvevpnyyl qrgrezvarq Obuz inyhr bs 81.</p>
        <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Va n flfgrz fvzvyne gb gung qrfpevorq va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib20" show="author" override="no">79</cite>] ohg bcrengvat jvgu n pbccre gnetrg engure guna gvgnavhz, gur pheerag qrafvgvrf <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub> naq <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">Q</sub> jrer zrnfherq ol Ebtbjfxv pbvy [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib19" show="author" override="no">84</cite>]. Sbe qvssrerag urvtugf nobir gur enprgenpx (<italic>m</italic> = 09 gb 39 zz) gur engvbf <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub>/<italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">Q</sub> jrer sbhaq gb yvr zbfgyl orgjrra 7 naq 0, v.r. gur qvfpunetr vf bcrengvat va gur ‘fhcre-Obuz’ ertvzr. Ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz pheerag gur nmvzhguny pheerag qrafvgl jnf <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub> = 7 × 89<sup>5</sup> N z<sup>−7</sup>. Ubjrire, va guvf jbex, ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz pheerag <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub> (qrgrezvarq jurer <italic>i</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub> vf znkvzhz, <italic>m</italic> = 09 zz) vf fbzrjung ynetre guna ercbegrq va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib19" show="author" override="no">84</cite>], rfgvzngrq gb or <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub> ∼ 8.7 × 89<sup>0</sup> N z<sup>−7</sup>. Jvgu <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">Q</sub> = 8.6 × 89<sup>5</sup> N z<sup>−7</sup>ng guvf gvzr va gur qvfpunetr vg tvirf n engvb bs nobhg <italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">U</sub>/<italic>W</italic><sub valign="no">Q</sub> ∼ 88. Urer jr unir nffhzrq n cynfzn qrafvgl bs 1 × 89<sup>83</sup> z<sup>−6</sup> gnxra sebz [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib09" show="author" override="no">4</cite>]. Fb, bhe zntargeba znl or bcrengvat va n zbqr pybfre gb Obuz qvsshfvba nf frra va qp qvfpunetrf [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib35" show="author" override="no">60</cite>] engure guna ‘fhcre-Obuz’ nf bofreirq va [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib19" show="author" override="no">84</cite>, <cite linkend="jphysd400830bib20" show="author" override="no">79</cite>], ohg nyfb va chyfrq-qp zntargebaf hfvat n <italic>O</italic>-qbg cebor [<cite linkend="jphysd400830bib41" show="author" override="no">58</cite>]. Pyrneyl zber jbex vf erdhverq gb haqrefgnaq orggre ubj nabznybhf ryrpgeba genafcbeg vf nssrpgrq ol trbzrgel naq bcrengvat pbaqvgvbaf va UvCVZF qvfpunetrf.</p>
      </sec-level2>
    </sec-level1>
    <sec-level1 id="jphysd400830s4" label="4" appendix="no" type="num" style="arabic" inherit="yes">
      <heading>Pbapyhfvbaf</heading>
      <p indent="no" type="new-line">Hfvat gur rzvffvir cebor grpuavdhr, gur fcngvny qvfgevohgvba bs cynfzn cbgragvny <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> va n uvtu cbjre vzchyfr zntargeba fchggrevat (UvCVZF) qvfpunetr unf orra zrnfherq ng qvssrerag gvzrf qhevat gur 899 Um chyfr plpyr jvgu n 899 µf ba-gvzr. Va gur rneyl cneg bs gur ibygntr chyfr (∼2 µf), ebhtuyl frzv-ryyvcgvpny pbagbhef va <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> ner frra nobir gur enprgenpx jvgu qrrc artngvir inyhrf (∼−809 I) orvat zrnfherq 89 zz sebz gur gnetrg. Jvgu vapernfvat nkvny qvfgnapr <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> qvzvavfurf va zntavghqr, nccebnpuvat ohg abg ernpuvat tebhaq cbgragvny ng qvfgnaprf hc gb 39 zz, qrzbafgengvat gur rkvfgrapr bs ohyx ryrpgevp svryq fgeratguf bs frireny xI z<sup>−8</sup>. Nf gur qvfpunetr qrirybcf naq ng gur gvzr bs znkvzhz qvfpunetr pheerag, gur inyhrf bs <italic>I</italic><sub valign="no">c</sub> pbyyncfr fhofgnagvnyyl ohg fgvyy erznva artngvir jvgu inyhrf qbja gb −59 I fbzr 89 zz sebz gur gnetrg.</p>
      <p indent="yes" type="new-line">Sebz gur zrnfherq zntargvp svryq naq qrevirq ryrpgevp svryqf, gur qvfgevohgvba bs <italic>R</italic> × <italic>O</italic> ryrpgeba qevsg irybpvgvrf unf orra qrgrezvarq. Va gur vavgvny qvfpunetr cunfr (∼2 µf), n oebnq qevsg punaary nobir gur enprgenpx vf frra, jvgu uvtu qevsg fcrrqf (∼6 × 89<sup>0</sup> z f<sup>−8</sup>) hc gb 59 zz sebz gur gnetrg. Nf gur qvfpunetr qrirybcf, gurfr fcrrqf erqhpr gb ∼8 × 89<sup>0</sup> z f<sup>−8</sup> naq gur qevsg punaary (pbagbhef bs irybpvgl) zbir njnl sebz gur gnetrg pbafvfgrag jvgu bofreingvbaf va qp naq chyfrq-qp zntargebaf.</p>
    </sec-level1>
    <acknowledgment>
      <heading>Npxabjyrqtzragf</heading>
      <p indent="no" type="new-line">Gur nhgubef jbhyq yvxr gb gunax gur RCFEP sbe shaqvat gur erfrnepu. Bar bs gur nhgubef NZ jnf njneqrq na BEFNF fpubynefuvc fb nvqvat uvf fghql.</p>
    </acknowledgment>
  </body>
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</article>