Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 29 (1999) 275 – 282 www.elsevier.com/locate/archger Carvedilol in elderly patients with chronic heart failure, a 12 weeks randomized, placebo controlled open trial Riccardo Leonetti Luparini *, Valdisa Celli, Gianfranco Piccirillo, Virgilio Guidi, Mauro Cacciafesta, Vincenzo Marigliano Institute of I Clinica Medica, Policlinico Umberto I, Uni6ersity ‘La Sapienza’, Viale del Policlinico, 155 -00161 Rome, Italy Received 17 May 1999; received in revised form 1 September 1999; accepted 2 September 1999 Abstract The encouraging results of recent multicenter clinical trials conducted in the US on the effect of carvedilol therapy in patients with chronic heart failure, prompted us to verify its tolerability in a group of elderly patients. For the open, randomized, placebo-controlled study, we selected 40 patients (28 men and 12 women, mean age 76.8 9 5.9 years) with mild, moderate or severe chronic heart failure. Exclusion criteria included dementia, chronic hepatitis, renal failure, severe vascular disease and respiratory failure. All patients were receiving treatment with digitalis, furosemide and ACE inhibitors. The study lasted 12 weeks. During the first week, all subjects received oral placebo or carvedilol, at a dose of 6.25 mg twice daily. The twice daily dose was then increased to 12.5 mg during weeks 2 – 4 and to 25 mg from weeks 5–12. At 0, after the 2 weeks of run-in, 4 and 12 weeks patients underwent assessment of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, cognitive status and functional ability. Our findings indicate that elderly patients with congestive heart failure tolerate carvedilol therapy well. Carvedilol slightly improves heart function without altering functional or cognitive ability. A larger-scale trial in geriatric patients is now required to determine whether this treatment will reduce serious morbidity or mortality from heart failure. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Heart failure; b-adrenergic blockade; Elderly subjects * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-6-49972355; fax: + 39-6-4456316. 0167-4943/99/$ - see front matter © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 6 7 - 4 9 4 3 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 4 0 - 0 276 R. Leonetti Luparini et al. / Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 29 (1999) 275–282 1. Introduction Since the 1970s i-adrenergic-receptor blockers have been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) to antagonize the cardiotoxic effects of adrenergic activation (Waagstein et al., 1974, 1975; Swedberg et al., 1979). The results have nevertheless been skeptically viewed, partly because they came from uncontrolled studies with small sample sizes, but primarily because they went against the current opinion that sympathetic nervous system activation sustained the failing heart. A recent clinical multicenter trial program conducted in the US provided evidence that carvedilol, a nonselective i-adrenergic antagonist that also blocks a1-receptors, reduces mortality by 65% in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or ischemic heart disease (Cohn et al., 1996; Packer et al., 1996). The patients studied had New York Heart Association (NHYA) (The Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association, 1964) class II–IV heart failure, left ventricular ejection fractions 535% and had received treatment with diuretics, digitalis and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Carvedilol was given at an initial dose of 3.125 mg twice daily, then progressively increased to a maximum of 25 mg twice daily for 6 – 12 months. The primary end-point of death was prospectively defined and results from all centers were evaluated by an independent data and safety monitoring board. Considering the marked and highly significant reduction in mortality with carvedilol therapy, the Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended suspending the program. In all study centers, carvedilol therapy increased the left ventricular ejection fraction (Metra et al., 1994; Australia–New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group, 1995; Olsen et al., 1995), reduced end-systolic and end-diastolic left ventricular volume (Australia–New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group, 1997; Doughty et al., 1997) and improved the patients’ NYHA class (Olsen et al., 1995; Packer et al., 1996). Most published data on carvedilol therapy refer to adults, but little information is available on its use in elderly persons (Cohn et al., 1997). This prompted us to find out how elderly patients with CHF tolerated carvedilol therapy. In this 12-week study we evaluated, using an open randomized, placebo controlled, parallel design, the effect of short-term carvedilol administration on clinical symptom and cognitive and functional ability in a group of elderly patients with CHF without severe cerebrovascular disorders or dementia. 2. Patients and methods The primary objective of the present study was to assess the short-term safety and tolerability of carvedilol in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. These patients were not affected by cerebrovascular disorders or dementia, events that lead to a loss of self-sufficiency and furthermore, they do not allow a correct evaluation of the clinical and instrumental data obtained. This was a 3-month prospective randomized, open, placebo-controlled trial. The trial consisted in two phases. The first was a 2-week baseline period in which the R. Leonetti Luparini et al. / Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 29 (1999) 275–282 277 cardiac and noncardiac medications were adjusted and the second was the 12-week open placebo controlled treatment phase. Patients were randomized to receive carvedilol or placebo. Patients aged 65 years or over were considered eligible for the study if they had symptomatic heart failure NYHA II–IV (The Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association, 1964) caused by ischemic or idiophatic cardiomiopathy and transthoracic echocardiography ejection fraction B 35%. Criteria for exclusion were atrioventricular block grade II or III, unless equipped with a permanent pacemaker, sustained ventricular extrasystole, uncontrolled hypertension, bradycardia, dementia, chronic hepatitis, renal failure (creatinine \ 2.5 mg/dl), severe vascular disorders and severe respiratory insufficiency. Among patients admitted to our geriatric clinic from January to November 1998, we selected 40 elderly patients (28 men and 12 women, mean age 76.89 5.9 years, range: 68 – 87) with NYHA class II–IV heart failure. Thirty patients had heart failure due to ischemic and ten due to nonischemic causes. None of the patients were candidates for coronary revascularization procedures. All patients were receiving therapy with digitalis, furosemide and ACE-inhibitors, 30 patients were receiving antiplatelet and ten anticoagulant drugs. Cardiac and noncardiac drugs were adjusted during the first 2 weeks of observation in our geriatric clinic. Digitalis doses ranged from 0.125 to 0.250 mg per day; furosemide from 25 to 75 mg per day; and ACE-inhibitors from 5 to 20 mg per day. Seven patients were receiving oral hypoglycemic drugs for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In five patients, verapamil or diltiazem for chronic atrial fibrillation were suspended when carvedilol therapy began; in the three patients of the placebo group that were using calcium antagonist, the medication was maintained. The study lasted 12 weeks. At 0, 4 and 12 weeks of carvedilol or placebo therapy, all patients underwent assessment including clinical, functional, cognitive and laboratory indexes. Clinical assessments included measurement of the ejection fraction by transthoracic echocardiography, determination of arterial blood pressures and heart rate, and an electrocardiogram. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1975) evaluating six fields: temporospatial orientation; fixation memory, attention span, short-term memory, language, praxis and constructional ability. The score ranges from 0 to 30: 0–20 denoted highly probable; 21 – 26 borderline; and 27–30 improbable cognitive impairment. Basic functional ability was assessed with an Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (Katz et al., 1970) scale including six functions: ability to feed oneself, dress, have a bath, walk, go to bed and continence. Activity scores ranges from 0 to 6: 0 (totally dependent) and 6 (fully self-sufficient). An Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) (Lawton and Brody, 1969) scale was used to assess patients’ ability to use the telephone, go shopping, prepare food, do the housework, use public transport, manage money and if necessary pharmacologic therapy. Scores range from 0 to 8: 0 (totally dependent) and 8 (fully self-sufficient). Laboratory profiles obtained included routine blood chemistry, tests for glucose and lipid metabolism and kidney and liver function. 278 R. Leonetti Luparini et al. / Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 29 (1999) 275–282 During the first week of the study, patients remained in hospital for daily measurement of heart rate and arterial blood pressures and received 6.25 mg carvedilol orally twice daily or placebo. From weeks 2 to 4, the initial dose was increased to 12.5 mg twice daily; and from week 5 onwards to 25 mg twice daily until the 12-week study ended. All subjects gave their written informed consent to the study and the study procedures were approved by the hospital ethical committee. 2.1. Statistical analysis Results are expressed as mean value 9 S.D. Repeated measures of analysis of variance were used for comparison between changes before and after therapy in the placebo and carvedilol groups. The Student’s t-test for paired samples with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used to evaluate, within each group, data obtained before and after drug administration. A t-test for independent samples was used to compare changes in the carvedilol treated versus group with placebo. Differences were considered significant at PB 0.05. 3. Results Forty subjects were enrolled in the study, ten with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 30 with ischemic cardiomyopathy. All 40 patients were randomized to receive carvedilol (n =20) or placebo (n= 20). Of the patients assigned to receive carvedilol, six had heart failure caused by idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 14 had ischemic cardiomyopathy. In the placebo group, four patients had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 16 had ischemic cardiomyopathy. Clinical characteristics of the patients randomized to receive placebo or carvedilol were not significantly different (Table 1). Three patients did not complete the protocol. In the carvedilol group, one patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy withdrew because of significantly worsening heart failure, the second patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy withdrew for the presence of hypotension, bradycardia, vertigo and astenia, after reaching a dosage of 12.5 mg twice a day. In the placebo group, one patient with clinically stable ischemic cardiomyopathy did not return at the programmed medical control. Consequently, the analysis comprised data from 37 patients at 4 and 12 weeks (18 receiving carvedilol, 19 placebo). Changes of the variables studied in the two group and the statistical analysis are showed in Table 2. In the carvedilol group, the assessment of cardiovascular variables (blood pressure, heart rate and ejection fraction) showed that systolic blood pressure decreased significantly after carvedilol therapy. Diastolic blood pressure also decreased significantly. The heart rate also showed a statistically significant reduction after carvedilol therapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction showed no significant increase at 4 weeks and a significant increase at 12 weeks. R. Leonetti Luparini et al. / Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 29 (1999) 275–282 279 Assessment of cardiovascular variables showed no significant changes, at 4 and 12 weeks in the placebo group. Cognitive function scores assessed with the MMSE remained statistically unchanged throughout the study, in both groups. The ADL also remained statistically unchanged as did the IADL. In the three patients with non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, carvedilol therapy did not alter the metabolic index hence their concomitant diabetic therapy needed no adjustment, in the same manner as the placebo group. 4. Discussion The conclusions obtained by the ‘US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group’ (Cohn et al., 1997) indicate that carvedilol is able to slow the progression of heart disease, thus reducing CHF-related mortality and the risk of sudden death. Among the over 1000 patients enrolled in the study, the mean age was : 58 years. The age datum led geriatric clinics to temper their enthusiasm for carvedilol therapy and take a more cautionary approach. In our geriatric clinic, we routinely see elderly patients who have drug-induced diseases and adverse effects not generally seen in younger age groups. In aging persons, the clinical presentation is often complicated and worsened by multiple coexisting diseases. These may cause heart disease to follow an atypical course; they also necessitate the use of multidrug therapy frequently leading to adverse drug interactions and additive effects. Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 40 study patientsa Placebo (n = 20) Carvedilol (n =20) Age (years) Sex (M/F) 76.40 95.11 14/6 77.05 95.67 15/5 NYHA functional class II III IV 5 12 3 4 14 2 Previous MI 16 14 Medications ACE inhibitor Diuretic drug Digoxin Nitrates Calcium-antagonist 19 20 18 8 3 18 20 15 7 5 Data are presented as mean value 9S.D. or number or percent of patients. Between-group comparison of clinical characteristics were not significant. NYHA, New York Heart Association; MI, myocardial infarction; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme. a 4 Weeks 12 Weeks P value* Baseline vs. 4 weeks Baseline vs. 12 weeks 4 weeks vs. 12 weeks Systolic BP (mmHg) Placebo 130.59 9 11.16 Carvedilol 128.75 9 11.03 131.18 910.97 132.94 911.05 ns 123.75 97.85** 119.38 98.34*** B0.005 ns B0.01 ns B0.005 ns B0.01 Diastolic BP (mmHg) Placebo 77.65 9 8.50 Carvedilol 77.81 98.19 77.94 97.30 72.50 97.96** 78.53 96.56 ns 70.63 97.04**** B0.05 ns ns ns B0.05 ns ns Heart rate (beats/min) Placebo 81.35 9 11.61 Carvedilol 81.75 9 10.38 77.12 97.50 71.88 9 7.57 78.59 97.10 ns 66.75 96.49*** B0.001 ns B0.05 ns B0.001 ns B0.001 LV EF (%) Placebo Carvedilol 28.76 9 4.38 28.13 9 4.76 29.82 94.13 30.75 9 3.77 29.29 9 3.93 ns 33.69 9 4.21**** B0.005 ns ns ns B0.005 ns 0.01 MMSE Placebo Carvedilol 25.20 92.98 25.00 93.06 24.94 92.79 24.88 92.68 25.29 92.44 25.25 92.82 ns ns Ns ns ns ns ns ns ADL Placebo Carvedilol 4.90 9 0.85 5.00 9 0.86 5.00 91.06 5.13 91.09 4.88 91.05 4.94 91.00 Ns Ns ns ns ns ns ns ns IADL Placebo Carvedilol 5.45 9 1.50 5.609 1.50 5.65 9 1.27 5.25 91.44 5.18 9 1.29 5.50 91.37 Ns Ns ns ns ns ns ns ns * Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA). Paired t-test was used to evaluate, within each group data obtained at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks. ** PB0.05. *** PB0.001. **** PB0.005 carvedilol versus placebo by independent samples t-test. R. Leonetti Luparini et al. / Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 29 (1999) 275–282 Baseline 280 Table 2 Blood pressure, heart rate, ejection fraction (LV EF), mini mental state examination (MMSE), activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) at baseline and 4 and 12 weeks R. Leonetti Luparini et al. / Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 29 (1999) 275–282 281 Our group of elderly patients with congestive heart failure uncomplicated by other disorders and without severe cognitive deficits, selected for this 12-week study, tolerated carvedilol therapy well. The analysis of our results shows that two patients treated with carvedilol dropped out because of adverse effects. One because of the worsening of the cardiac function and the other for the presence of hypotension, vertigo and bradycardia. The other patients treated demonstrated a slight increase in the ejection fraction without modification of cognitive and functional abilities. In the placebo group, we did not see any significant change in ejection fraction. Cognitive and functional abilities were stable in both therapy and placebo groups. In our elderly patients with CHF, carvedilol therapy did not significantly change the symptoms of heart failure. These findings could be due to short-term observation or to the reduction of functional reserve in elderly patients. Further studies are also needed to determine the optimal dosage of carvedilol and the long-term effect of the drug on morbidity, mortality and quality of life in elderly patients. In conclusion our results agree with the previous studies so far conducted on non-geriatric patients. Carvedilol therapy did not affect our patients’ cognitive and functional abilities. Our study suggests that in conjunction with conventional therapy, carvedilol improves the heart function in elderly patients with heart failure without worsening their cognitive and functional abilities. Lastly, none of our patients’ metabolic indexes was altered during carvedilol therapy, in particular those for glucose and lipid metabolism. References Australia–New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group, 1995. Effects of carvedilol, a vasodilator-b-blocker, in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Circulation 92, 212–218. Australia–New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group, 1997. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 349, 375–380. 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