BRIEF REPORT Past Utilization of Geriatric Psychiatry Outpatient Services by a Cohort of Patients With Major Depression Peter M. Aupperle, M.D., M.P.H. Rebecca Lifchus, B.A. Andrew C. Coyne, Ph.D. The authors examined past utilization of outpatient psychiatric services by elderly depressed patients. A chart review identified 49 patients (mean age )4.96סwho had ceased active treatment, of whom 28 were successfully contacted. Reasons for discontinuation were 1) patient perception that care was no longer needed (51.5%); 2) existence of barriers to care (33.3%); and 3) perception that treatment was ineffective (15.2%). Findings included 1) a higher number of visits by patients referred from a non-healthcare source and by married patients; 2) lower Beck Depression Inventory scores among those who reported that they did not need additional treatment; and 3) a greater willingness to re-engage in treatment by those patients with a higher number of visits during their previous treatment. Patient characteristics and source of referral were associated with both past service utilization and likelihood of future usage; however, many individuals do not access treatment because of both practical and attitudinal barriers to care. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998; 6:335–339) A lthough previous studies have demonstrated that elderly individuals experience the same spectrum of psychiatric disorders as their younger counterparts,1 only limited information is available regard- ing how elderly patients utilize mental health services. Also, the literature that does exist points to an underutilization of mental health services by older adults. For example, elderly patients use outpatient Received September 3, 1997; accepted February 9, 1998. From the Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey. Address correspondence to Dr. Aupperle, COPSA Institute, UMDNJ–UBHC, 667 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1392, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1392. Copyright ᭧ 1998 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 335 Psychiatry Outpatients and Depression psychiatric services at a rate that is only half that expected on the basis of their proportion of the population.2 One reason for this finding is that elderly individuals are more likely to seek help for their emotional and psychiatric problems from their general physicians.3 Furthermore, older adults are nearly five times more likely than younger adults to present in an emergency room than in a community mental health center for mental health care4 because acute symptoms often precipitate a comprehensive psychiatric and medical evaluation. Other explanations for this decreased utilization include lack of a social support network,5 resource-related barriers (e.g., lack of transportation and affordability),5 insufficient engagement in treatment,6 and perceived lack of treatment efficacy.7 In contrast to studies of underutilization, several factors have been identified by Lebowitz and associates8–10 that increase utilization of geriatric outpatient mental health services. These include the presence of a specialized geriatric program, affiliations with local Area Agencies on Aging, and staff trained in geriatric mental health care delivery. Community mental health centers that have incorporated these factors are more likely to overcome barriers to care (e.g., the stigma of mental health care in an elderly cohort, the lack of access to such care, and the lack of psychiatric care tailored to a geriatric population).11,12 In light of the limited existing research, the present study was designed to investigate longitudinal patterns of utilization of geriatric psychiatry outpatient services. We studied a cohort of elderly patients who had previously received outpatient psychiatric treatment for an episode of major depressive disorder (MDD).13 Data were collected about 1) referral to treatment; 2) number of visits during active treatment; 3) perception of (reasons for) the termination of treatment; and 336 4) attitude toward re-engaging in treatment. METHODS The sample studied consisted of patients of the Department of Geriatric Services, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)—University Behavioral HealthCare (UBHC), a universitybased, ambulatory-outpatient psychiatric clinic that incorporates many of the “barrier breaking” factors (e.g., a community outreach program and specialized staff) identified by Lebowitz and associates.8–10 A retrospective chart review identified all patients with a sole clinical diagnosis of MDD who had ceased active treatment over the past 3 years. Patients were not included if they had any additional Axis I diagnoses, such as substance abuse or dementia. This particular cohort was selected for study because elderly patients with MDD are often encouraged to continue treatment indefinitely, given the need for either maintenance treatment or close monitoring for relapse. Of the 49 patients identified, 28 (57.1%) were successfully contacted and provided written consent for participation. Among those not contacted, five patients were deceased, seven could not be reached because they were in nursing homes, six refused to participate in the study, and three could not be reached. The patients not contacted were compared as a group with those who were included in the study. Chi-square analyses indicated that the two groups did not differ in terms of sex, race, marital status, and living arrangements (all Ps Ͼ0.05). Also, analyses of variance indicated no group differences in terms of age or years of education completed (Ps Ͼ0.05). Demographic data (e.g., age, race, gender, marital status, living arrangement, education) were collected via standardized VOLUME 6 • NUMBER 4 • FALL 1998 Aupperle et al. chart reviews. Data regarding associated major life stressors, the number of visits during the course of treatment, referral source, and all five DSM-IV axes were also recorded. A structured telephone survey was devised and prospectively administered to participants. The survey was used to determine the patients’ perceptions of why active treatment ceased (e.g., they no longer believed that they needed treatment; they experienced barriers to care; they felt treatment was ineffective). Current mood and present utilization of health services were also assessed—by asking questions about whether the patient might be using care outside of the UBHC or utilizing no care at all—and asking whether they would seek mental health care in the future if symptoms recurred. Level of depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)14 administered by telephone, a technique that has been used in previous studies.15,16 Those patients who met the criteria for moderate or major depression (BDI scoreϾ16) and who reported limited use of medical or psychiatric health care (in settings other than UBHC) for their depression were encouraged to re-engage with psychiatric outpatient services at UBHC. Nonparametric and correlational analyses of the data were performed with the SAS Language for Personal Computers. The protocol was approved by the UMDNJ Institutional Review Board. RESULTS Among the 28 patients interviewed, the mean age was 69.4 8.8עyears; 67.9% were women; 85.7% were white, 10.7% black, and 3.6% were Hispanic. With respect to marital status, 42.9% were married, and 57.1% were unmarried (i.e., widowed, divorced, separated, or single). In terms of THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY living arrangement, 46.4% were living alone, and 53.6% had other living situations (e.g., with spouse, family, assisted living). Results indicated that the mean number of outpatient mental health visits among married individuals was 26.3, and the mean number of outpatient visits among unmarried individuals was 8.3 (Wilcoxon rank-sum statistic S ;152סPϽ0.05). On the other hand, age, gender, race, living arrangement, and major life stressors were not associated with the number of outpatient mental health sessions used (all PsϾ0.05). One variable that was found to differentiate patient populations was referral source. Analyses indicated that a patient referred to UBHC from a non-healthcare source (e.g., church, senior center, friend, family, self) utilized a greater number of outpatient services (mean number of visits )0.11ע6.41סthan a patient who was referred to UBHC via a healthcare source (e.g., outpatient or inpatient clinic; mean number of visits ;1.7ע2.5סWilcoxon rank-sum statistic, S ;00.981סPϽ0.05). Reasons for termination of treatment were also examined. The 28 patients surveyed provided a total of 33 reasons for their perception of why treatment was discontinued (mean number of responses per patient .)2.1סThese included patient perception that care was no longer needed (51.5%), the existence of resource-related barriers to care (33.3%), and patient perception of lack of treatment efficacy (15.2%). Data regarding patients’ self-reports of current mood were also examined. Patients who reported they were not depressed had significantly lower BDI scores (mean BDI )3.5ע6.6סthan those who stated they were depressed (mean BDI ;2.41ע7.32סWilcoxon rank-sum statistic, S ;00.832סPϽ0.001). Also, subjects who stated that they did not need care for depression had significantly lower BDI scores (mean BDI )2.5ע5.7סthan those who provided different reasons (e.g., 337 Psychiatry Outpatients and Depression lack of transportation, cost, lack of efficacy of treatment) to explain their lack of utilization of outpatient services (mean BDI ;9.51ע1.12סWilcoxon rank-sum statistic, S ;05.722סPϽ0.05). Finally, in terms of willingness to reengage in treatment, nonparametric analyses demonstrated that patients who were interested in resuming outpatient services for depressive symptoms had significantly more outpatient visits to-date (mean number of visits )1.31ע0.91סthan those patients who were unwilling to seek future psychiatric care for depression (mean number of visits ;2.3ע8.4סWilcoxon rank-sum statistic, S ;00.54סPϽ0.05). DISCUSSION First, as described previously, patients who were referred from a general-medical healthcare source had fewer visits to the UBHC geriatric psychiatry program. These healthcare sources (e.g., internist, family practice physician) may have been providing treatment for mental health problems. Non-healthcare sources may have provided needed encouragement and frequent reinforcement to a patient utilizing outpatient services. Furthermore, patients may receive support in the form of transportation or financial assistance from their nonhealthcare referral sources. Consistent with this idea is the statistically significant finding of a greater number of visits by married individuals. Former patients were questioned about their perception of why treatment ended. It was not surprising that transportation was cited as a barrier to utilization of outpatient services because the transportation services in the geographic region covered by the present study (e.g., Dial-ARide, Medicaid transportation, countywide transportation) are limited. Patients are restricted to specific days of the week and specific hours of the day in which they 338 can access these transportation services. Also, patients may be placed on a 3- to 4week waiting list for appointments, and some transportation services are operated on a fee-for-service basis. In addition to these restrictions, it is also possible that some of the older adults in our study had been unaware of the transportation options available to them. Interestingly, cost was cited as a barrier to utilization of mental health services in the present study. As a community mental health center, UBHC used a sliding fee scale, and no one was excluded because of inability to pay. Although the actual visits to UBHC were not costly, it may be the associated costs that caused patients to terminate treatment (e.g., cost of transportation, parking, and medication). Another reason cited by patients for terminating outpatient sessions was lack of treatment efficacy. Some patients stated that their underlying problems could not be remedied through the treatment received at the clinic. For example, the loneliness resulting from bereavement requires a change in the patient’s daily routine to include more social and community interactions. Appropriate encouragement and guidance by friends, family, and sources such as outreach services may be needed in order for some patients to become involved. With respect to future utilization, patients who had a higher total number of visits while utilizing services at UBHC were found to be more willing to seek future psychiatric care. A possible explanation for this finding includes satisfaction with improvement in mood experienced as a result of treatment and increased knowledge about when outpatient care is appropriate. This brief report has several methodological limitations. Patients with major depression were selected on the basis of their termination from active treatment for a disorder that needs chronic monitoring in an elderly population. The study then investigated the issues of access to and utilizaVOLUME 6 • NUMBER 4 • FALL 1998 Aupperle et al. tion of mental health services. This is clearly not a purely prospective longitudinal study of geriatric individuals seeking treatment for major depression. Generalizations from this study are also limited by the lack of a structured diagnostic instrument, the unique demographics of the cohort, and the characteristics of the setting within which they were treated. The sample size also constrains the study’s conclusions. Although those individuals not included in the identified cohort did not differ statistically from those included, the study still has the potential for Type II error and limited power. Despite these inherent limitations, this study did reveal several findings that have clinical relevance. Future prospective studies focusing on patterns of utilization and individual patient characteristics should include appropriate outcome measures (based on patient-reported or observer-rated data) scored upon admission, termination, and at regular intervals throughout the treatment period. Incremental administration will allow for assessment of changes in the severity of depression throughout the course of treatment. These changes can be correlated with total utilization and may prove useful in better understanding and predicting utilization patterns. Similarly, an assessment of general and psychiatric healthcare utilization before patients’ engagement with services, as well as after termination, would be helpful in characterizing longitudinal patterns. Finally, future studies should examine the role of outreach services in older adults’ utilization of mental health care. The number of contacts made with patients by an outreach service may prove to be a useful variable for predicting treatment utilization. Partial support for this study was provided by the Foundation of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ). References 1. Regier DA, Boyd JH, Burke JK Jr, et al: One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:977–986 2. Waxman HM, Carner EA, Klein M: Underutilization of mental health professionals by community elderly. Gerontologist 1984; 24:23–30 3. German PS, Shapiro S, Skinner EA: Mental health of the elderly: use of health and mental health services. 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