Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 121 (2000) 59 – 67 www.elsevier.com/locate/mechagedev A simple method for the measurement of sjTREC levels in blood Richard Aspinall *, Jeff Pido, Deborah Andrew Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminister Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW 10 9NH, UK Received 2 July 2000; received in revised form 21 July 2000; accepted 30 July 2000 Abstract We have developed a relatively rapid, safe and simple method for the quantification of sjTREC levels in samples of peripheral blood. The assay uses an image analysis package to measure the brightness of PCR product bands on an image of the standard agarose gel. Comparison of the brightness of the band with that obtained from a standard curve provides a read-out of the amount of sjTRECs in the sample. We have compared the sjTREC levels we obtained with this method with those obtained from real time analysis PCR using a Lightcycler and found that they are comparable. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: sjTREC; Thymic output; PCR 1. Introduction Extrapolation of the rate of loss of thymic tissue in humans suggests that it would be completely absent by the time the individual reaches the age of 120 years (Steinmann, 1986). Loss of thymic tissue over this period is not uniform but more likely biphasic with a period of rapid loss preceding middle age followed by a period of relatively slow tissue loss calculated by some to be less than 1% per year (Steinmann, 1986; Kendall et al., 1980; Bertho et al., 1997). In addition to the loss of thymopoetically active tissue there is the gradual deposition of fat within the * Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-20-87465993; fax: + 44-20-87465997. E-mail address: r.aspinall@ic.ac.uk (R. Aspinall). 0047-6374/00/$ - see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 0 4 7 - 6 3 7 4 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 9 7 - 4 60 R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 organ. At 20 years of age approximately 20% of the wet weight of the thymus is contributed by fat, but by 60 years of age this figure is closer to 70% (Kendall et al., 1980). The major function of the thymus is to produce T cells for the peripheral T cell pool, and a result of this loss of active thymic tissue is that the contribution of naıve T lymphocytes by the thymus to the peripheral T cell pool declines with ¨ increasing age. Measurement of thymic output in humans is indirect and dependant upon following the changes in the number of naıve T cell with age, a naıve T cell being ¨ ¨ defined as a T cell which has not yet encountered its cognate antigen presented correctly to the T cell receptor. Such naıve T cells have in the past been identified ¨ on the basis of phenotypic markers displayed on the cell’s surface. Using this technique several groups have shown that there is a decline in the number naıve T ¨ cells in the blood and an increase in the number of memory T cells with increasing age (Cossarizza et al., 1996; Hulstaert et al., 1994). More recently measurement of change in thymic output has been achieved by the analysis of the amount of specific DNA excision products known as T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) within the T cell population. These excision circles are a by-product of the process of TCR gene rearrangement and recombination and are present within the T cell but do not have the capacity to replicate during cellular proliferation. Thus only one of the daughter cells produced during division carried the TREC which consequently becomes diluted within the population during subsequent divisions. TREC levels are therefore highest in populations of T cell recently produced by the thymus and lower in T cells populations which have undergone several rounds of division (Douek et al., 1998; Kong et al., 1998; Al Harthi et al., 2000; McFarland et al., 2000; Poulin et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999). With the age-related decline seen in thymic output and the proposed expansion of memory T cells to compensate for this decline and maintain T cell numbers within defined limits one would anticipate that the number of TREC molecules within the total T cell pool in the blood should decline with age. Several studies have shown this to be the case. TREC levels do show a progressive decline with age (Douek et al., 1998). In the analysis of TREC levels one can choose whether to analyse the TREC generated from the TCRa (Douek et al., 1998) or TCRb (Poulin et al., 1999) chain since excision circles of DNA would be generated in their production. Here we have chosen to analyse signal joint TCR rearrangement excision circles (sjTRECs) generated during the process of aTCR gene rearrangement and recombination (Douek et al., 1998; Kong et al., 1998; Livak and Schatz, 1996). There are several reasons for this choice. The first is that TCRa chain gene rearrangement occurs after TCRb chain rearrangement. Any excision circles generated from TCRb chain rearrangement could be more diluted within the recent thymic migrant population than the TCRa chain excision circles because of the number of cell divisions undergone by the cells between TCRb chain production and expression and TCRa chain production and expression. Secondly these sjTRECs all possess an identical DNA sequence, spanning from the dREC gene segment to the cJa gene segment R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 61 which allows their use as specific markers for abTCR expressing recent thymic migrants (Douek et al., 1998). Finally, sjTREC’s have been shown to be stable and detectable in phenotypically naıve abTCR T cells (CD45RA+) but are undetectable ¨ in gd TCR T cells, and B cells (Douek et al., 1998). The aim of this work was to determine whether we could discover a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of sjTREC’s. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Blood collection and DNA purification Samples of peripheral blood were taken from healthy female volunteers chosen on the criteria that they were healthy at the time of sample extraction. 30 ml of volunteers’ peripheral blood was collected into EDTA-K3 containers (Becton Dickinson, Dorset, UK) with their informed consent and in accordance with the guidelines set by the Riverside Ethics Committee. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Histopaque (Sigma, Dorset, UK). DNA was extracted from 5 × 107 PBMCs using the Puregene DNA purification kit (Gibco, UK). b actin polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and agarose gel analysis was performed for each sample in order to determine the quality of the DNA. The concentration of the DNA was determined by spectroscopy. 2.2. sjTREC PCR amplification and quantification sjTREC DNA were detected according to the technique of Douek et al. (1998). The sjTREC bands were visualised on 1.2% agarose gels containing 0.005% ethidium bromide (Sigma) and analysed using the Scion Imager (Meyer Instruments). The light intensity values of the bands were used to calculate the number of sjTREC molecules from the standard curve constructed (details below). Results were used if the light intensity value of the positive controls’ DNA band differed to the actual values on the standard curve by no more than 10%. To determine the sjTREC levels in volunteers’ DNA samples, a standard curve was constructed via the PCR amplification of known starting numbers of standard sjTREC molecules (i.e. 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108). PCR products were then separated on 1.2% agarose gels containing 0.005% ethidium bromide and analysed using the Scion imager software. An area was defined around each band and the brightness was read. The size and shape of the area was kept constant throughout all of the measurement. For the final analysis a background reading was taken from the negative control lane at an equivalent position of the sjTREC band in a positive lane of the gel. This background reading was subtracted from the readings obtained from each PCR product band. A best fit straight-line graph (R 2 = 0.97) composed of the starting amount of sjTREC molecules used for the PCR against DNA band intensity was constructed. 62 R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 2.3. sjTPEC analysis using the Lightcycler DNA samples and known starting copy numbers of standard sjTREC DNA molecules (from 103 to 108) were amplified using the Lightcycler (Roche, UK) and the Sybr Green Light Cycler kit (Roche, UK) in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Values for the volunteers’ sjTREC levels were considered valid when the sjTREC standard curve had an R 2 value of 0.99–1.0. 2.4. Separation of T cell subsets 5 × 106 purified PBMCs were treated with 1 mg of mouse IgG monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD45RA or CD45RO and incubated for 30 min at 4°C. The cells were then washed with PBS/0.1% BSA. Dynabeads pan mouse IgG were added to the amount of approximately 4 beads/cell (beads were first washed with PBS/0.1% BSA 3 times prior addition to the cells) to the samples and incubated for 20 min with gentle mixing. The cells were placed on a Dynal MPC magnetic column and left for 2 min. The fluid in the tubes was removed by pippetting and the cells resuspended in PBS/0.1% BSA, then left for 2 min. The fluid was again removed by pippetting and the beads resuspended in PBS/0.1% BSA and left on the Dynal MPC for 2 min (this step was repeated two times). The purified CD45RA or CD45RO cells were then resuspended in PBS/0.1% BSA. The purified CD45RA and CD45RO cells were then treated with 1 mg of mouse IgM mAb to either CD4 or CD8 and incubated for 30 min at 4°C and then washed with PBS/0.1% BSA. Dynabeads pan mouse IgM were added to the cells and the subsequent procedure used for the CD45RA and CD45RO cell purification was undertaken to obtain CD4 cells expressing CD45RA or CD45RO and CD8 cells expressing CD45RA or CD45RO. 2.5. FACS analysis of CD3 and CD45RA, CD62L T lymphocyte populations 100 ml of peripheral blood obtained from subjects were treated with the following monoclonal antibodies; mouse anti-human CD3 conjugated to FITC (Sigma), mouse anti-human CD45RA conjugated to Quantum red (Pharmingen, Dorset, UK) and mouse anti-human CD62L conjugated to PE (Pharmingen) or to the appropriate isotype matched negative controls and incubated on ice for 30 min. The red cells were then lysed by the addition of 2 ml of Ortholyse (Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Buckinghamshire, UK) and the samples were analysed using the BD FACSCalibur. 3. Results 3.1. Detection of sjTREC in naı6e but not memory T cells ¨ We separated T cell subsets to determine firstly whether the technique we used could discriminate in the detection of sjTREC in phenotypically defined naıve and ¨ R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 63 memory cells and secondly whether there was a difference in the CD4 and CD8 subset expression of these sjTREC. Our results, shown in Fig. 1 reveal that sjTREC were detectable in naıve (CD45RA+) cells in both CD4 and CD8 subpopulations. ¨ However we failed to detect sjTREC in the memory (CD45RO+) populations of either CD4 or CD8 subset using this same PCR conditions which provided positive results for the naıve T cell subpopulations. ¨ 3.2. Quantitation by scanning the image The results of the PCR analysis using differing initial amounts of the sjTREC positive control molecule for the construction of a standard curve is shown in Fig. 2. The results seen here are the means and standard deviations from four separate experiments. The line of best fit drawn on the points obtained had an R 2 value of 0.97 indicating the close correlation between the brightness of the band and the initial sjTREC copy number. Inset in the graph is an example of the results from one of the gels containing the PCR products arising from different starting sjTREC numbers. 3.3. Comparison with Lightcycler results The results of the sjTREC levels in blood from female donors of three different ages is shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b). Fig. 3(a) shows the results obtained using the Lightcycler and Fig. 3(b) shows the results from the Scion Image scanning method. Comparison of the two results indicates that both clearly show an age-related Fig. 1. Detection of sjTREC in T cell subsets. The gel shows the presence of the sjTREC band in DNA derived from CD4+CD45RA+ (Lane 2) and CD8+CD45RA+ (Lane 7), but not in CD4+CD45RO+ (Lane 4) and CD8+CD45RO+ (Lane 6) cells. The molecular weight markers are in Lane 1 and the shorter sjTREC molecule used as a positive control is in Lanes 3 and 5. 64 R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 Fig. 2. Standard curve generated from the sjTREC positive control. Brightness analysis of the bands produced from PCR amplification of different starting copy numbers, ranging from 103 to 108, of the shortened sjTREC gene. Each point shown is the mean 9 1 S.D. from 4 readings. The result from one gel is shown above the points. decrease in sjTREC numbers with both detecting comparable numbers of sjTREC within the samples. The results showing a decline in sjTREC levels with age are in agreement with those observed in previous studies as well as reflecting the results obtained from phenotypic analysis. Furthermore as expected these samples show the number of true naıve T cells (CD3+CD45+CD62L+) to decline with age. ¨ 4. Discussion The measurement of episomal DNA circles in the nucleus of T cells is a sensitive method for the determination of thymic output with age. The use of sjTREC measurement either in relation to the DNA content of the sample (Douek et al., 1998 ) or the total CD3+ T cell content of the sample as here provides a means of assessing the naıve T cell subpopulation of the sample. ¨ This paper describes the detection of sjTREC in CD45RA+ cells in both the CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, but the failure to detect these products in CD45RO+ T cells in either the CD4 or CD8 subsets. This result would be anticipated from previous work, which shows that the sjTREC episomal circles are not replicated with the cell and so are subsequently diluted out by cell division. It is not that the sjTREC molecules are absent from the CD45RO+ populations, but that they are present at such a low frequency per cell that the PCR conditions used failed to detect them. The CD45RA+ T cells population contains the naıve T cell emigrants ¨ from the thymus which are a non-dividing population with the highest frequency of TRECS per T cell. Naıve T cells only enter division once activated by antigen and ¨ enters the memory/activated T cell pool (CD45RO+). R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 65 The identification of recent thymic migrants on the basis of phenotype has been possible in some rodent studies because of the use of intrathymic labeling with fluorescein (Scollay et al., 1980) or the identification that the recent thymic migrant has distinctive phenotype (Hosseinzadeh and Goldschneider, 1993). However in human systems this has proved to be somewhat more complex. The problem has arisen from studies showing an ability of cells with some of the phenotypic characteristics of naıve T cell to arise from the memory T cell pool (Nociari et al., ¨ 1999). These populations have been shown to contain virus specific clones after the resolution of the specific infection (Wills et al., 1999) and in addition it has been claimed that this change in phenotype has been linked to the loss of CD28 (Nociari et al., 1999). The use of TREC’s as an additional marker to identify recent thymic Fig. 3. Levels of sjTREC per 5 × 107 of each of volunteers peripheral blood mononuclear cells as derived by the Lightcycler (a) or by the scanning method (b). The age and number of naıve ¨ (CD3+CD45RA+CD62L+) T cells in the sample of 5 × 107 PBMC was (i) 21 years old and 11 373 000 naıve T cells, (ii) 33 years old and 5 397 600 naıve T cells and (iii) 55 years old and 3 250 000 naıve T ¨ ¨ ¨ cells. 66 R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 migrants has provided a clearer means of identification of recent thymic migrants and assessing thymic output (Al Harthi et al., 2000; McFarland et al., 2000; Poulin et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999). One of the major problems with the use of TREC measurements is that previous studies have used either radioisotopes (Douek et al., 1998), ELISA based methods (Al Harthi et al., 2000) or expensive equipment to measure TREC levels with real time PCR (Zhang et al., 1999). The use of radioisotopes was the first method to be used to quantitate TREC levels and although sensitive and effective has some cost and safety implications and in some cases problems with availability. The ELISA method of detection uses PCR in the presence of Dig-UTP, and the product is captured on a 96 well plate coated with streptavidin by a biotin conjugated probe recognizing an internal sequence and an ELISA is performed using an anti-Dig peroxidase antibody. The resulting analysis is sensitive and quantitative, but as with all multi-step processes is dependant on all stages and reagents working correctly. The measurement of product in a real time PCR is a fast direct method of assessment, but the initial outlay to purchase the equipment is prohibitive in for some laboratories. This paper describes a rapid, relatively safe and simple method of measuring the amount of sjTREC’s in a sample of T cells which does not depend upon using radioisotopes. The method uses the brightness of the DNA band in the gel measured on a captured image using an analysis programme freely available on the Internet. As with all methods there are some critical stages to the assay. The exponential shape of the graph for different amounts of positive control sample used clearly shows that the correct number of PCR cycles are being used. For a sample to be assessed correctly it is important that it falls within the limits of the graph used to produce the standard curve. Clearly it is important that the conditions used for the analysis of the DNA under test be as close to those used to determine the standard curve. So considerations such as the thickness and running conditions of the gel, amount of ethidium bromide and settings on the image capture equipment must be kept constant. Repeated running of the positive control standards and the construction of a standard curve as we have done here must be a first priority and is a good measure of the repeatability of the system. We have compared our method with results we have obtained using the Lightcycler which measures real time PCR products from the reaction. The results within this small sample reveal a remarkable similarity from the two methods, indicating that that the gel image scanning method is a valid and reliable method of sjTREC analysis. Acknowledgements We would like to thank D. King for help with the cell separation studies, and Dr D. Douek for providing help with the TREC analysis. This work was supported by the Luard family (J.P. is the Luard scholar) and the Welcome Trust (grant number 051541). R. Aspinall et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 121 (2000) 59–67 67 References Al Harthi, L., Marchetti, G., Steffens, C.M., Poulin, J., Sekaly, R., Landay, A., 2000. Detection of T cell receptor circles (TRECs) as biomarkers for de novo T cell synthesis using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA). J. Immunol. Meth. 237, 187 – 197. Bertho, J.M., Demarquay, C., Moulian, N., Van De Meeren, A., Berrih-Akhnin, S., Gourmelon, P., 1997. 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