Neurobiology of Aging 21 (2000) 735–740 www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging Relationship between apoE genotype and CSF -amyloid (1– 42) and tau in patients with probable and definite Alzheimer’s disease Tero Tapiolaa, Tuula Pirttilaa, Pankaj D. Mehtab, Irina Alafuzoffa,c, Maarit Lehtovirtaa, ¨ Hilkka Soininena,* a Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University Hospital and University of Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, Fin-70211, Kuopio, Finland b Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA c Department of Pathology, University Hospital and University of Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, Fin-70211, Kuopio, Finland Received 31 January 2000; received in revised form 11 April 2000; accepted 16 May 2000 Abstract We investigated the usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -amyloid42 (A42), -amyloid40 (A40) and tau analyses in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study included 41 definite AD cases, 80 patients with probable AD, 27 with other dementias and 39 neurological controls. A42, A40 and tau protein concentrations in CSF were measured of using ELISA assays. A42 levels were decreased and tau increased in AD. Combination of A42 and tau resulted a sensitivity of 50.4% for AD and specificities of 94.8% for controls and 85.2% for other dementias. Ninety-one percent of the patients with A42 below the cutoff value (340 pg/ml) and tau above the cutoff value (380 pg/ml) had AD. AD patients carrying apoE ⑀4 allele had lower A42 (P Ͻ 0.005) and higher tau (P Ͻ 0.05) levels than those without an ⑀4 allele, and 18 (81.8%) of the 22 AD patients who had normal A42 and tau levels were apoE ⑀4 allele non-carriers. Low A42 and high tau concentration in CSF strongly support the diagnosis of AD. Measurement of A42 may help the early diagnosis of cases at risk for AD such as apoE ⑀4 allele carriers. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Dementia; Cerebrospinal fluid; CSF; Tau; -amyloid; Apolipoprotein E 1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in elderly people. Currently, the definite diagnosis of the disease is based on neuropathological examination of the brain. The clinical diagnosis of probable AD requires extensive clinical neurologic examination, neuropsychological testing, a panel of laboratory tests, and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of brain. Clearly, a biomarker for AD would be valuable in confirming the diagnosis, in monitoring the progression of the disease and in evaluating the efficacy of therapy. Recently, a consensus report on molecular and biochemical markers of AD suggested that a clinically useful biomarker should detect early cases and distinguish other dementias from AD with a sensitivity and specificity Ͼ80% [28]. An ideal biomarker * Corresponding author. Tel.: ϩ358-17-173-012; fax: ϩ358-17-173019. E-mail address: Hilkka.Soininen@uku.fi (H. Soininen). should also find presymptomatic AD cases, reflect the neuropathology, and thus the progression of the disease. Neuropathological changes in AD include amyloid plaques, consisting mainly of -amyloid peptides, and neurofibrillary tangles composed of intracellular paired helical filaments, whose main component is abnormally phosphorylated tau protein [12]. Soluble -amyloid peptides ending at carboxy-terminal residues 40 (A40) or 42 (A42), and tau protein can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Previous studies reported elevated concentrations of tau protein [29,30] and decreased levels of A42 [5,10,18,22, 25] in CSF of AD patients. However, the clinical use of these markers in the diagnosis of AD is not established, and no studies based on neuropathologically confirmed AD cases or other dementia cases are available. The presence of apolipoprotein E (apoE) ⑀4 allele is a well-documented risk factor for AD [24], and the presence of ⑀4 allele increases the confidence of the clinical diagnosis of AD [13]. However, apoE genotyping in AD is not recommended, because it cannot establish a diagnosis [14]. Interestingly, some earlier studies have shown an effect of 0197-4580/00/$ – see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 9 7 - 4 5 8 0 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 6 4 - 0 736 T. Tapiola et al. / Neurobiology of Aging 21 (2000) 735–740 Table 1 Patient demographics N Alzheimer’s disease Probable Definite Other dementias Neurological controls Female/Male Age Age of onset Duration (years) MMSE 121 80 41 27 39 84/37 46/34 38/3 14/13 19/20 75 Ϯ 10 71 Ϯ 8 84 Ϯ 9 73 Ϯ 9 61 Ϯ 10 71 Ϯ 10 68 Ϯ 9 76 Ϯ 9 71 Ϯ 10 — 5.1 Ϯ 4.4 2.6 Ϯ 1.9 9.7 Ϯ 4.2 1.9 Ϯ 1.4 — 14 Ϯ 10 20 Ϯ 5 1.7 Ϯ 3.3 20 Ϯ 6 — Abbreviations used: N, number of cases; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status examination score. Results are mean values Ϯ SD. apoE genotype on CSF -amyloid [5] and tau [3,7,26], whereas others have not found any relationship [2,11,18, 19]. Here, we analyzed levels of tau, A42, and A40 in CSF from neuropathologically confirmed and probable AD patients, from patients with other dementias, and from neurological controls. We also examined the relationship of these markers to apoE genotype and cognitive status. 2. Subjects and methods 2.1. Patients with dementia and neurological controls The study included two groups of dementia patients (patients with AD and other dementias, such as vascular dementia (N ϭ 8), frontotemporal dementia (N ϭ 4), Lewy body dementia (N ϭ 5), Parkinson’s disease with dementia (N ϭ 3), and unclassified dementia (N ϭ 7)) and a control group (patients with other neurological diseases or psychosomatic disorders). The patient demographics are shown in Table 1. The diagnosis of AD was made according to the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) [15]. The AD group included 80 patients with probable AD and 41 patients with definite AD in whom the extent of histological Alzheimer’s degenerative changes was graded according to the criteria of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) [17]. The diagnoses of other dementias were based on the guidelines of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) [1]. The definite AD group consisted of patients derived from a follow-up study of hospitalized patients in the geriatric department of Harjula hospital in Kuopio. In this group the mean interval between lumbar puncture and autopsy was 18 (SD 14) months. The probable AD patients, patients with other dementias and neurological controls were recruited from diagnostic investigations in the Department of Neurology, Kuopio University hospital. Determination of the apoE genotype was performed as previously described [8]. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, and informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all subjects and caregivers of demented patients. 2.2. CSF samples and quantification of -amyloid and tau Lumbar CSF samples were obtained using a standardized protocol. The 1 ml aliquots were immediately frozen and stored at Ϫ70°C until assay. The analyses were carried out without any knowledge about the clinical data, in duplicate. To quantify levels of tau in CSF, a sandwich enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) using the Innotest hTAU-Antigen kit (Innogenetics, Belgium) was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. -amyloid concentrations were quantified using a monoclonal antibody 6E10 and polyclonal antibodies R162 for A40 and R164 for A42 in sandwich ELISAs, as described previously [16]. The detection limit was 20 pg/ml for A40 and 39 pg/ml for A42. 2.3. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed by using SPSS for Windows V.8.0.1 software. The one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis was used to compare differences in means between the diagnostic groups. The Student’s t-test for independent samples or Mann–Whitney test, when assumptions were not met, were used to compare differences in means between two patient groups. Correlations were calculated using a two-tailed Pearson’s correlation test. The statistical significance was set at P Ͻ 0.05. The relationship between sensitivity and specificity was determined using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve (Fig. 1). 3. Results The diagnostic groups differed in age (F(2,184) ϭ 30.2, P Ͻ 0.001), patients with AD or other dementia being older than neurological controls (Table 1). The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores or age of onset did not differ significantly between probable AD and other dementia groups. Definite AD patients had lower MMSE scores than probable AD patients (P Ͻ 0.001) or other dementia patients (P Ͻ 0.001) and higher age of onset compared to probable AD patients (P Ͻ 0.001). T. Tapiola et al. / Neurobiology of Aging 21 (2000) 735–740 Fig. 1. Receiver operating characteristics at different cut off points of CSF A42 and tau concentrations. The best results for sensitivity and specificity were obtained using the cutoff points 340 pg/ml for A42 and 380 pg/ml for tau (arrowheads). Patients with definite AD had lower CSF A40 levels (mean Ϯ SD: 2.0 Ϯ 0.7 ng/ml) compared to subjects in the other groups (F(3,180) ϭ 16.5, P Ͻ 0.001). There were no differences in A40 concentrations between the other groups (mean Ϯ SD, Probable AD: 3.4 Ϯ 1.4 ng/ml, Other dementias: 3.2 Ϯ 1.0 ng/ml, Controls: 3.1 Ϯ 0.7 ng/ml). The CSF A42 concentration differed in the study groups (F(3,183) ϭ 22.1, P Ͻ 0.001). The levels of A42 were decreased in definite (P Ͻ 0.001) and probable (P Ͻ 0.001) AD patients and in patients with other dementias (P Ͻ 0.001) compared to those of non-demented controls 737 (Table 2). Although levels of A42 were lower in definite and probable AD patients compared to patients with other dementias, only the difference between definite AD and other dementias achieved statistical significance (P Ͻ 0.05). The cutoff value of 340 pg/ml (Fig. 1) for A42 distinguished probable AD patients with a sensitivity of 68.8% (55/80) and definite AD with a sensitivity of 78.0% (32/41). The specificities were 84.6% (33/39) for controls and 59.3% (16/27) for other dementias (Fig. 2). CSF tau concentrations were significantly increased in patients with probable and definite AD compared to those of neurological controls (F(3,183) ϭ 10.6, P Ͻ 0.001) (Table 2). However, there were no significant differences between AD patients and patients with other dementias or between other dementias and neurological controls. The cutoff point of 380 pg/ml (Fig. 1) resulted in sensitivity of 62.5% (50/ 80) for probable AD and 56.1% (23/41) for definite AD. The specificities with this cutoff were 92.3% (36/39) for controls and 66.7% (18/27) for other dementias. Combination of CSF A42 and tau using the best cutoff values (340 pg/ml for A42 and 380 pg/ml for tau) resulted in sensitivities of 52.5% (42/80) for probable AD and 46.3% (19/41) for definite AD. The specificities were 94.9% (37/ 39) for controls and 85.2% (23/27) for other dementias (Fig. 2). Ninety-one percent (61/67) of patients with CSF A42 levels under 340 pg/ml and tau concentrations higher than 380 pg/ml had AD. The combination of CSF A42 and tau levels resulted better specificity for diagnosis of AD than the presence of an apoE ⑀4 allele [65.7% for controls (25/ 38) and 59.3% for other dementias (16/27)]. Because CSF levels of A42 and tau were significantly related to apoE genotype, these measurements yielded low sensitivity for AD. AD patients with at least one apoE ⑀4 allele had significantly lower CSF A42 levels than those without ⑀4 allele (P Ͻ 0.005) (Table 2). The lowest values Table 2 CSF A42 and tau values of patients -amyloid 1-42 Tau All cases Neurological controls Alzheimer’s disease Probable Definite Other dementias 4Ϫ 4ϩ All cases 4Ϫ 4ϩ 516 Ϯ 162 (N ϭ 39) 280 Ϯ 168* (N ϭ 121) 303 Ϯ 171* (N ϭ 80) 234 Ϯ 153* (N ϭ 41) 353 Ϯ 163* (N ϭ 27) 522 Ϯ 136 (N ϭ 25) 349 Ϯ 191 (N ϭ 48) 397 Ϯ 202 (N ϭ 28) 280 Ϯ 154 (N ϭ 20) 384 Ϯ 153 (N ϭ 16) 500 Ϯ 211 (N ϭ 13) 235 Ϯ 135# (N ϭ 73) 253 Ϯ 128# (N ϭ 52) 189 Ϯ 142 (N ϭ 21) 307 Ϯ 173 (N ϭ 11) 256 Ϯ 110 (N ϭ 39) 516 Ϯ 332† (N ϭ 121) 527 Ϯ 353† (N ϭ 80) 494 Ϯ 290† (N ϭ 41) 393 Ϯ 276 (N ϭ 27) 246 Ϯ 91 (N ϭ 25) 416 Ϯ 296 (N ϭ 48) 412 Ϯ 339 (N ϭ 28) 421 Ϯ 233 (N ϭ 20) 422 Ϯ 337 (N ϭ 16) 272 Ϯ 144 (N ϭ 13) 581 Ϯ 340‡ (N ϭ 73) 588 Ϯ 348‡ (N ϭ 52) 563 Ϯ 327 (N ϭ 21) 349 Ϯ 155 (N ϭ 11) Abbreviations used: N, number of cases; 4Ϫ, patients without apolipoprotein E 4 allele; 4ϩ, patients carrying at least one apolipoprotein E 4 allele. Results are mean values Ϯ SD. * A42: C versus AD P Ͻ 0.001; C versus OD P Ͻ 0.001; def AD versus OD P Ͻ 0.05. † tau: AD versus C P Ͻ 0.001. # A42 4Ϫ versus 4ϩ: all AD cases P Ͻ 0.005; prob. AD P Ͻ 0.005; def. AD P ϭ 0.057. ‡ tau 4Ϫ versus 4ϩ: all AD cases P Ͻ 0.05; prob. AD P Ͻ 0.05; def. AD P ϭ 0.118. 738 T. Tapiola et al. / Neurobiology of Aging 21 (2000) 735–740 were observed in AD patients with two ⑀4 alleles (mean Ϯ SD, probable AD: 225 Ϯ 118 pg/ml, N ϭ 18; definite AD: 157 Ϯ 149 pg/ml, N ϭ 5). A similar trend was found also in patients with other dementias, but differences between apoE ⑀4 allele carriers and non-carriers did not, however, reach statistical significance. Also, CSF tau levels were higher in AD patients with at least one apoE ⑀4 allele compared to those without an ⑀4 allele (P Ͻ 0.05). The highest concentrations were detected in patients with two ⑀4 alleles (mean Ϯ SD, probable AD: 672 Ϯ 349 pg/ml, N ϭ 18; definite AD: 607 Ϯ 251 pg/ml, N ϭ 5). Altogether eighteen of twenty-two AD patients who had normal levels of A42 and tau were the apoE ⑀4 allele non-carriers. We then calculated sensitivities and specificities separately for ⑀4 allele carriers and non-carriers. Among ⑀4 allele carriers, A42 analysis resulted in sensitivity of 80.7% (42/52) for probable AD and 90.5% (19/21) for definite AD whereas sensitivities for ⑀4 allele non-carriers were 46.4% (13/28) and 65% (13/20), respectively. The corresponding values for tau were 75.0% (39/52; probable AD) and 61.9% (13/21; definite AD) for ⑀4 allele carriers and 39.3% (11/28) and 50.0% (10/20)for ⑀4 allele noncarriers, respectively. A42 levels were decreased and tau levels elevated already in AD patients with mild dementia, MMSE scores Ն 24 (N ϭ 21, mean Ϯ SD A42: 366 Ϯ 182 pg/ml, P Ͻ 0.005, tau: 522 Ϯ 432 pg/ml, P Ͻ 0.05) compared to those of control patients (Fig. 3). There was a positive correlation of A42 and A40, but not tau levels, with MMSE scores (1– 42: r ϭ 0.25, P Ͻ 0.01; 1– 40: r ϭ 0.50, P Ͻ 0.001) in patients with AD. 4. Discussion Fig. 2. Combination of CSF A42 and tau measurements in the diagnosis of AD. Lines indicate the cut off points of 340 pg/ml for A42 and 380 pg/ml for tau. The high tau/low A42 quadrant resulted a sensitivity of 50.4% for AD (A). Twenty-two AD patients had similar A42 and tau levels to controls (A), and 18 (81.8%) of them did not carry the apoE ⑀4 allele. Thirty-two of 39 neurological controls and 11 of 27 patients with other dementias had high A42 and low tau concentration. The specificities of the test were 94.8% for controls (A) and 85.2% for other dementias (B). Two neurological control patients and four patients with other dementias had similar A42 and tau levels as observed in AD (C). The present study is the first one confirming a decrease in CSF A42 concentrations and an increase in CSF tau protein concentrations in a large number of AD patients including 41 definite AD cases. Our data are consistent with previous reports that have indicated that combination of these biomarkers might be useful in supporting the diagnosis of AD, particularly in patients carrying genetic risk factors for AD [5,10,18,29]. The relatively high specificity of these analyses makes A42 and tau analysis a promising laboratory test for the confirmation of the diagnosis of AD. The combination of A42 and tau resulted in better specificity (90.9%) than apoE genotyping (63.1%) in the discrimination of AD patients from all other patients. Moreover, our data suggest that CSF A42 levels reflect the progression of the disease. Currently there are six studies, including the present one, which have reported the combination of CSF A42 and tau levels in AD [5,9,10,18,23] (Table 3). Sensitivities have varied from 50% (our study) to 85% [9]. The reasons for the discrepancies may be due to differences in the patient populations, particularly in the number of apoE ⑀4 allele carri- T. Tapiola et al. / Neurobiology of Aging 21 (2000) 735–740 739 Table 3 Sensitivities and specificities of studies reporting combined CSF A42 and tau measurements in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Motter et al. [18] Kanai et al. [10] Galasko et al. [5] 59% 71% 77% Shoji et al. [23] Hulstaert et al. [9] 69% 85% Current study 50% 96% 83% 93% 65% 88% 86% 58% 95% 85% (AD (AD (AD (AD (AD (AD (AD (AD (AD versus versus versus versus versus versus versus versus versus C ϩ OD) C ϩ OD) C) OD) C ϩ OD) C) OD) C) OD) Abbreviations used: C, control group; OD, patients with other dementias. Fig. 3. CSF A42 and tau concentrations in controls and in patients with AD classified into three groups according their Mini-Mental Status examination (MMSE) scores. A42 (F(3,154) ϭ 25.1, P Ͻ 0.001) and tau (F(3,154) ϭ 7.55, P Ͻ 0.001) levels differed in the groups. AD groups, including patients with mild forms of the disease (MMSE Ն 24), had lower A42 and higher tau levels compared to those of control patients. Patients with severe AD (MMSE Յ 10) had the lowest A42 concentrations. ers, and in the methodology used in the analyses. In our study AD patients without the apoE ⑀4 allele had higher CSF A42 and lower tau values than AD patients with an ⑀4 allele resulting in a significant overlap between the values in AD patients without an ⑀4 allele and controls. The sensitivity of A42 measurement was 83.6% for AD patients carrying an ⑀4 allele, whereas in AD patients without an ⑀4 allele it was only 54.2%. Many studies have shown that the frequency of apoE ⑀4 allele is increased in familial and sporadic AD, and it is well established that carriers of ⑀4 allele have an increased risk of developing AD [24]. Our results suggest that the A42 might be useful for detection of AD cases among those individuals carrying genetic risk factors such as the apoE ⑀4 allele. Specificity of the test was good because most patients (91%) with low A42 and high tau levels in CSF had AD, and only four of the 27 patients with other dementias had the analogous CSF profile. The results suggest that the combination of these biomarkers may be helpful for the discrimination between AD and other dementias. There was no consistent pattern of CSF profile in any other dementias than AD. However, the number of patients with other dementias was low, and more extensive studies with neuropathologically confirmed cases are needed. An ideal biomarker should reflect the pathogenic processes that contribute to the progression of the disease and the neuropathological changes occurring in the brain tissue. There are currently efficacious symptomatic therapies available for patients with mild or moderate AD [4,21]. Therefore, it is essential to detect AD as early as possible. Our data are consistent with previous studies that have shown an increase of tau [6,20,26] and a decrease of A42 [5,10] levels in CSF from patients with mild AD. Moreover, CSF A42 and A40 levels were the lowest in patients with definite AD who had severe dementia and the longest duration of the disease. The results suggest that CSF -amyloid levels may be associated with the progression of the disease. We have also recently shown that CSF A42 and A40 levels decreased in patients with probable AD after a 3-year follow-up period [27]. However, the relation between these biomarkers and neuropathological changes in brain tissue is not well-understood, and the time of appearance of the first changes in CSF is not known. In conclusion, many studies using a combination of CSF A42 and tau have shown that these markers can differentiate AD patients from controls with a specificity ranging from 86% to 96% (Table 3). 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