Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 94 (1997) 165 – 175 Alterations in sympathetic innervation of thymus and spleen in aged mice Kelley S. Madden *, Denise L. Bellinger, Suzanne Y. Felten, Eric Snyder, Mary E. Maida, David L. Felten Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and the Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research, Uni6ersity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood A6enue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Received 7 November 1996; received in revised form 14 December 1996; accepted 14 December 1996 Abstract Aging is associated with reduced immune reactivity, contributing to increased rates of infectious disease and cancer in old age. We have begun to assess the potential for sympathetic nervous system involvement in age-related immune dysfunction by characterizing sympathetic noradrenergic (NA) innervation in lymphoid organs in old animals. In the present study noradrenergic innervation of spleen and thymus was examined histologically and neurochemically in 2-, 12- and 24-month old BALB/c mice. In the thymus of 2-month old animals, NA nerve fibers were found in the subcapsular, cortical, and cortico – medullary regions associated with blood vessels and septa; occasional branches from these nerve fibers entered the parenchyma. With increasing age and thymic involution, NA nerve fibers increased in density; by 24 months of age, dense plexuses were compacted among septa and blood vessels, and numerous linear, varicose nerve fibers were observed branching into the parenchyma. Thymic norepinephrine (NE) concentration (per mg wet weight) increased approximately 4-fold in 12-month old animals and 15-fold in 24-month old animals. Taking the reduced thymus weight into account, total thymic NE at 12- and 24-month of age was equivalent to total thymic NE at 2-month of age, suggesting that NA innervation is maintained as the thymus involutes. In the spleen from 2-month old animals, NA innervation entered the white pulp with the central artery to innervate the periarteriolar lymphatic Abbre6iations: NA, noradrenergic; NE, norepinephrine; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase. * Corresponding author. 0047-6374/97/$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PII S 0 0 4 7 - 6 3 7 4 ( 9 6 ) 0 1 8 5 8 - 1 166 K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 sheath and the marginal zone. At 12-month of age, histologically and neurochemically there was no change in splenic NA innervation. By 24-month of age, NE was increased significantly, independent of changes in spleen weight. Histologically, increased catecholamine-containing fibers were apparent at 24-month of age, particularly in the parenchyma surrounding the central artery. The alterations in sympathetic NA innervation of lymphoid organs with age suggest that the sympathetic nervous system and NE may play a role in age-associated immune dysregulation. Alternatively, the changes in NA innervation may be secondary to functional changes within the immune system. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Keywords: Noradrenergic innervation; Spleen; Sympathetic nervous system; Thymus 1. Introduction We have demonstrated sympathetic noradrenergic (NA) innervation of bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues in numerous species [1 – 3]. A component of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), NA nerve fibers convey signals originating in the brain via the spinal cord to the periphery. We have previously reported dramatic age-related changes in sympathetic innervation of thymus and spleen in Fischer 344 (F344) rats (reviewed in [4]). In the rat thymus, sympathetic NA nerve fibers and norepinephrine (NE) levels increased progressively with age [5]. In contrast, NA innervation in the spleen was diminished and NE levels were reduced in old animals [6,7]. We were interested in exploring the functional significance of these age-related changes, particularly in the thymus. We chose to assess the potential functional significance of NA innervation in the mouse because of the large body of knowledge concerning thymic T cell development in this species and the availability of a wide range of cell-specific antibodies for immunocytochemical staining and flow cytometry. First, we needed to extend our previous work in young mice and characterize NA innervation of lymphoid organs in the aged mouse [8–10]. In the present report, we demonstrate age-related changes in thymic and splenic NA innervation in BALB/c mice histologically and neurochemically. 2. Methods 2.1. Mice BALB/cJNIA male mice (National Institute on Aging) aged 2 months, 12 months, and 24 months were housed 2 per cage with food and water available at all times. Animals who showed overt signs of illness, including tumors or splenomegaly, were not included in the study. This strain of mouse was chosen because BALB/c male mice have been characterized in our studies of neural–immune interactions. BALB/c mice are known for the predominance of TH2 activity in certain immune responses. Maximal life span in this strain is 30 months of age. K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 167 2.2. Histochemical techniques 2.2.1. Fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamines Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The thymus was rapidly removed and frozen on dry ice. Tissue was stored at − 80°C until sectioning. Fresh frozen tissue was cut at a thickness of 16 vm in a − 20°C cryostat and thaw mounted onto glass slides. This technique employs a modification of the glyoxylic acid condensation method of de la Torre [11]. The slides were dipped in a phosphate buffer containing 1% glyoxylic acid and 7.5% sucrose (pH 7.4), and dried with blow dryers in a cool stream of air for 15 min. Tissue sections were covered with mineral oil, placed in an oven at 37°C for 2.5 min, and cover slipped with fresh oil. Fluorescence was examined and photographed using a Nikon fluorescence microscope equipped with epi-illumination accessories. 2.2.2. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) Mice were anesthetized with Chloropent and perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% picric acid in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The thymus was dissected, postfixed in the perfusion fixative for 24 h at 4°C, and transferred into 0.15 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with 10, 20 and 30% sucrose for an additional 24 h at 4°C for each sucrose concentration. Samples were frozen on dry ice, and stored at − 80°C. Tissue was mounted onto the freezing chuck of a sliding microtome, and 40 vm sections were mounted on gelatin-coated slides. All steps were carried out in 0.15 M phosphate buffer at 25°C using gentle agitation, unless otherwise indicated. Sections were rinsed in buffer and incubated in 10% normal goat serum (NGS). Rabbit anti-TH antibody (Chemicon) was diluted 1:100 in 0.15 M phosphate buffer containing 0.4% Triton X-100 and 0.25% bovine serum albumin. Sections were incubated in the primary antibody for 24 h at 4°C. On day 2, sections were rinsed 6 ×10 min in buffer, incubated for 30 min in 10% NGS, and then incubated in the secondary antibody (goat-anti-rabbit IgG, 1:8000; Vector) for 90 min. Sections were rinsed 4× 10 min in buffer and incubated in 2.5% methanol with 5% hydrogen peroxide for 30 min to remove endogenous peroxidase activity. Following 6 ×10 min rinses, sections were incubated in avidin–biotin– peroxidase complex (ABC, 1:8000; Vector Elite kit) for 90 min. Sections were rinsed 4 × 10 min in buffer, followed by 2 × 10 min in 0.05 M sodium acetate and 0.03 M imidazole buffer containing 0.25 g/100 ml nickel (II) sulfate, 0.04 g/100 ml 3,3%-diaminobenzidine (DAB), and 0.005% hydrogen peroxide for 15 – 20 min. Nickel intensification changes the normal brown DAB reaction product to a blue – black color. All sections then were rinsed 2 × 10 min in acetate – imidazole buffer, followed by 4 × 10 min rinses in phosphate buffer. Sections were counter-stained with 0.6% thionin, rinsed, dried, dehydrated through a series of graded ethanols, cleared in xylene, and coverslipped in Permount. 168 K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 2.3. Neurochemical measures Thymuses were dissected free of fat, weighed, frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80°C. A sonic dismembrator was used to homogenize the tissue in 0.1 M perchloric acid containing the internal standard 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine (DHBA; 0.25 vM), 1 mM EDTA, and 50 mM metabisulfite. After centrifugation at 13 000×g for 10 min, supernatants were collected for aluminum oxide extraction. Samples from all ages were extracted at the same time. The alumina-extracted samples were placed randomly in an autosampler, and neurochemical analysis was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) as described previously [5]. 2.4. Statistics Group means were compared by one-way analysis of variance. Significant main effects (P B .05) were analyzed post-hoc by Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test. 3. Results 3.1. Age-related changes in sympathetic NA inner6ation of the mouse thymus Fluorescence histochemistry to detect catecholamine-containing nerve fibers provided initial evidence for increased NA innervation in the aged murine thymus. Scattered NA nerve fibers in the thymus of 2-month old BALB/c male mice were observed in the capsular region with very few fibers penetrating into the cortex (Fig. 1A). By 12 and 24 months of age, fluorescent NA nerve fibers increased in frequency in the capsule and extended into the center of the thymus as dense, tangled nerve fibers (Fig. 1B and C). In the 12-month and 24-month old animals, NA nerve fibers were often associated with yellow autofluorescent cells, most likely macrophages, which increase in number and intensity as the thymus involutes. In some sections, the density of NA innervation in 12-month old animals appeared equivalent to that of 24-month old animals (compare 1B–C). However, high density NA innervation was not maintained in all sections obtained from 12-month old thymuses, compared to the high density of catecholamine-containing fibers observed in the majority of sections from 24-month old thymuses. Thus, fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamines indicated that thymic innervation in 12month old animals was greater than that of 2-month old animals, but thymic innervation in 12-month old animals was less than that of 24-month old animals. Immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in NE synthesis, was used with thionin counter-staining to differentiate the densely packed cortical region from the more loosely packed medullary region of the thymus. At 2 months of age, TH + nerve fibers were associated with septa and blood vessels coursing through the cortex, the cortico-medullary junction, and the K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 169 Fig. 1. Fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamine-containing fibers in BALB/c mouse thymus. At 2 months (A), a few fluorescent profiles are present in the capsule (arrows) with a paucity of innervation present in the cortex (× 100). By 12 months (B), and 24 months (C) of age, fluorescent nerve fibers become more apparent extending from the capsule toward the center of the thymus ( ×100). CA denotes capsule. Note increase in yellow autofluorescent cells with age. medulla (Fig. 2A and B). At this age, TH+ nerve fibers surrounded most blood vessels and septa, but only sparse innervation was observed in the parenchyma of the cortex. By 12 months of age, increased thymic NA innervation was observed associated with septa and blood vessels as well as increased numbers of TH+ nerve fibers entering the parenchyma (Fig. 2C and 2D). By 24 months of age, the thymus consisted primarily of the medullary region with shrunken cortical regions (Fig. 2E). At this age, compacted networks of TH+ nerve fibers were present in the capsule and surrounding septa and blood vessels (Fig. 2E and F). Numerous TH+ linear profiles were readily apparent coursing through fields of thymocytes. Neurochemical analysis by LCEC confirmed the increased density of innervation apparent histologically. Thymic NE concentration (per mg wet weight) increased approximately 4-fold in 12-month old animals and 15-fold in 24-month old animals compared to 2-month old animals (Fig. 3A). When the age-associated decrease in thymic weight was taken into account, total NE per thymus did not differ significantly between the three age groups (Fig. 3B and C), suggesting that NA innervation is maintained as the thymus involutes. 170 K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 Fig. 2. Immunocytochemistry for TH in aging BALB/c mouse thymus. (A,B) In 2-month old animals, NA nerve plexuses surround blood vessels and intralobular septa in cortex (arrowheads) and medulla (small arrows in B) with occasional branching into parenchymal regions (arrow in B). (C,D) At 12 months of age, septal/vessel innervation becomes more prominent (arrowheads). Note branching into parenchymal regions (arrow in D). (E,F) By 24 months of age, the involuted thymus contains numerous tangled TH+ plexuses surrounding septa and vessels (arrowheads) with long branches extending into the parenchyma (arrows). (A,C,E × 100; B,D,F × 200) 3.2. Age-related changes in sympathetic NA inner6ation of the spleen At 2-month of age, fluorescent histochemistry of the spleen revealed NA innervation associated with the central artery and its branches as fluorescent profiles scattered throughout the white pulp surrounding the artery (Fig. 4A). At 12 months of age, no change in catecholamine-containing fibers in the parenchyma was observed but an increase in NA nerve fibers surrounding the central artery was K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 171 apparent (Fig. 4B). This finding was present in several animals examined, but remains to be quantified by morphometric analysis. By 24 months of age, NA nerve fibers in the white pulp of the spleen appeared to increase (Fig. 4C). In Fig. 4C, NA innervation immediately surrounding the central artery appeared reduced compared to 2- and 12-month old animals, although this was not found in all 24-month old animals. Both NE concentration (NE/mg wet weight) and total NE were significantly increased by 24 months of age, with no significant change in spleen weight (Fig. 5). Fig. 3. Age-associated changes in NE concentration in BALB/c thymus. (A) Thymic NE concentration increases with age (ANOVA, P50.0001). (B) Total NE per thymus does not significantly differ between 2-, 12- and 24-month old mice (ANOVA, P= 0.1). (C) Thymic weight decreases with age (ANOVA, P5 0.0001). 2 months, n= 14; 12 months, n =15; 24 months, n =10. * Indicates significantly different from 2-month old by post-hoc analysis with Fisher’s LSD test (P B0.05). 172 K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 Fig. 4. Fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamines in aging BALB/c mouse spleen. Fluorescent NA nerve fibers are associated with the central artery (arrowheads) and are scattered throughout the surrounding parenchymal regions (arrows). No obvious difference in NA innervation is observed between 2 and 12 months of age (A,B). By 24 months of age, a marked increase in NA innervation of the parenchyma surrounding the central artery is observed (C). (A – C, ×200) 4. Discussion Age-related alterations in sympathetic NA innervation and NE concentration in thymus and spleen of BALB/c mice may contribute to age-related immune dysfunction. The dramatic increase in NA innervation in the involuting thymus has been previously reported by our laboratory in F344 rats [5]. This increase manifests itself as an increase in the density of NA nerves associated with septa and blood vessels and greater penetration of parenchymal regions as early as 12 month of age, and is quite extensive in the 24-month old thymus. The observation that NE concentration increased with age, but total thymic NE was not altered suggests that thymic NA innervation is maintained as the thymic involutes. The precise anatomical definition of the target cell(s) for thymic NA innervation are currently under investigation using double-label immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Sympathetic NA nerve fibers communicate with target cells K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 173 Fig. 5. Age-associated changes in NE levels in BALB/c mouse spleen. (A,B) Splenic NE concentration (ANOVA, P = 0.008) and total splenic NE (ANOVA, P= 0.02) increases at 24 months of age. (C) Splenic weight is unchanged with age (ANOVA, P =0.3472). 2 months, n =7; 12 months, n =7; 24 months, n= 6. Asterisk indicates significantly different from 2-month old by post-hoc analysis with Fisher’s LSD test (P B0.05). bearing cell surface adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors) via the neurotransmitter NE. Mature T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells of the immune system possess h- and i-adrenergic adrenoceptors [12–17]. Unfractionated thymocytes express very low levels of i-adrenoceptors, and i-adrenoceptor expression may be up-regulated with thymocyte maturation ([15,17], Madden, unpublished data). For example, Fuchs et al. reported that enriched populations of mature thymocytes (cortisone-resistant or peanut non-agglutinating thymocytes) expressed equivalent numbers of i-adrenoceptors as mature T cells in the periphery [15]. Using in vitro autoradiography, Marchetti et al. demonstrated i-adrenergic receptors localized primarily to the medulla of the rat thymus [16]. Stromal elements in the thymus, including epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells may also express h- or i-adrenoceptors and thus may serve as targets of NA innervation. The finding that splenic NA innervation is enhanced at 24 months of age in the mouse is directionally opposite to the marked diminution in splenic NA innervation 174 K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 in the old rat. C57BL/6 mice also showed no reduction in splenic NE levels through 24 months of age (data not shown), suggesting that this finding is not limited to BALB/c mice. It is possible that mice older than the ones used in this study (\ 24 months of age) may show reduced NA innervation. In this study, a reduction in NA innervation surrounding the central artery in 24-month old animals suggests that neuronal loss may be occurring at this age. Alternatively, the differences in age-related changes in NA innervation may reflect microenvironmental differences between mouse and rat spleen, which may lead to ‘protection’ of NA nerve fibers in the aged mouse. More detailed morphometric analysis and double-labeling of TH + NA nerve fibers and specific lymphocyte populations in the aged mouse spleen by ICC may help clarify any differences between rat and mouse splenic NA innervation. The age-related increase in sympathetic NA innervation in mouse thymus and spleen suggests that NE may play a progressively greater role in signaling potential targets in spleen and in thymus as the animal ages. This hypothesis predicts that pharmacological manipulation of the SNS may have a more profound effect on immune reactivity in old animals compared to young animals. We found that sympathectomy-induced alterations in immune reactivity were more apparent in old rats [18]. In preliminary studies, chronic i- or h-blockade had no effect on thymocyte differentiation in 2-month or 12-month old mice, but had significant effects on thymocyte CD4/CD8 co-expression and proliferation in 24-month old animals (data not shown). Age-related changes in adrenoceptor expression and signaling in selected cell populations need to be investigated in both spleen and thymus to understand the potential for immunomodulation in aged animals. Together, these results suggest that pharmacological manipulation of the SNS may enhance immune reactivity to pathogens in the aging host and possibly under conditions of immunosuppression in younger hosts. Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the Rochester Area Pepper Center on Aging, the Markey Charitable Trust, and NIH Grant MH42076. We thank Thanh Nguyen, Don Henderson and Charles Richardson for excellent technical assistance. References [1] D.L. Felten, S.Y. Felten, D.L. Bellinger et al., Noradrenergic sympathetic neural interactions with the immune system: structure and function. Imm. Re6., 100 (1987) 225 – 260. [2] S.Y. Felten, D.L. Felten, D.L. Bellinger and J.A. Olschowka, Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid organs. In J.E. Blalock (ed.), Chemical Immunology: Neuroimmunoendocrinology, S. Karger, Basel, 1992, pp. 25 – 48. [3] S.Y. Felten and D.L. Felten, Innervation of lymphoid tissue. In R. Ader, D.L. Felten and N. Cohen (eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology-II, Academic Press, San Diego, 1991, pp. 27 – 68. K.S. Madden et al. / Mechanisms of Ageing and De6elopment 94 (1997) 165–175 175 [4] K.D. Ackerman, D.L. Bellinger, S.Y. Felten and D.L. 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